The Cold War On The World - 948 Words

Gerry Ruiz Mr. Trahey Modern Civilizations 10B Period 5 May 17 2016 The Cold War’s Effects on the World The Cold War brought lots of mistrust, fear, and the very real threat of mutually assured destruction(M.A.D), but it also lead to the human race developing the ability to travel to space. The USSR was the first to sent a man in space,then the U.S. had to out do the USSR to prove we are a greater superpower so we put a man on the moon. This was one of the of the many beneficial outcomes of Cold War. Although there were many good and bad outcomes that were caused by the Cold War due to such factors as tensions, competition between communism democracy changing the world politically, economically, and socially as well as fear. One of the many effects that brought changes to politics around the world. Khrushchev along with The Soviet Union(USSR) exposed communism to the world, â€Å"To attempt to enforce its will on non-communist countries (Berlin and Laos are current examples)† (Doc. 6,II). The USSR pushed its rule around the world in an attempt to spread communism especially between Europe and Southeast Asia. The USSR also supported countries attempting to become communist with with agricultural supplies and military supplies in an attempt to influence other countries, and conflicts between communist influence and democracy broke out through proxy wars, but the USSR enforced communism on East Europe and on Afghanistan was spreading like wildfire . The Soviet Union ruledShow MoreRelatedThe Cold War On The World1695 Words   |  7 PagesThe Cold War had a major effect on the world that is still felt today in the 21st century. The Cold War (1945-1991) was a time of conflict between the western demo cracies and the communist governments of the world. Jimmy Carter once said â€Å"When I was in the White House, I was confronted with the challenge of the Cold War. Both the Soviet Union and I had 30,000 nuclear weapons that could destroy the entire earth and I had to maintain the peace.† Though no direct conflict ensued with the United StatesRead MoreThe Cold War On The World906 Words   |  4 Pages Looking back in history you can point out several vicious dictators and leaders that really made a negative impact on the world. These included Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, Mao Zedong, and several others. The idea of absolute power to one person is a dangerous concept and can destroy a country in a short amount of time. The Cold War was a time of determination to stop communism in the eyes of the United States. It also was a time for America to better itself and finding the flaws within theirRead MoreThe World Of The Cold War980 Words   |  4 PagesWhen the second world w ar ended in 1945, the U.S. emerged as a world power. Even though America was already a major player, the dropping of the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, as well as the defeat of Germany, made sure that America stayed on top. However, when the Cold War started in 1947, the race between the Soviet Union and the U.S. for top nation was on. In the last few months of the war, the world leaders would meet and decide on how to take care of Germany and the rest of Europe whenRead MoreThe World War And The Cold War2435 Words   |  10 Pagesthe Second World War and the cold war. The Capitalist and the Communist stood amidst tussle under the umbrella of super powers- USSR and the USA, focused only on its military and domestic power. The inception of UN Charter developed out of need for regulated peaceful international order after the Second World War didn’t gain much momentum till the end of Cold War. Initially, it was USA and the USSR regulating the limited economic and political interaction. However, the end of Cold war in the 1990sRead MoreWorld War II And The Cold War902 Words   |  4 Pagesinfluenced by some form of ideas and ideologies, or the desire for power, wealth, and land. The events that lead up to and occurred during World War II and the Cold War have been affected by both influences. Throughout both events, the strongest influence both events faced was the desire for land, power and wealth. World War II was a major conflict that affected the world, leaving behind several casualties, broken cities, and death. Under Adolf Hitler’s control, Nazi Germany sought to conquer and controlRead MoreThe Cold War On The World War II1171 Words   |  5 Pagesgentlemen I ______ am pleased to be presenting here today at the Cold War symposium. The cold war was a defining ideological conflict of the 20th century that has left a legacy into the 21st century. A critical event in the Cold War was the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962. It presented a situation where both the United States and Soviet Union wielded the power of nuclear weapons, with the potential to descend the world into its first nuclear war. The Cuban Missile Crisis was initiated by the Soviet UnionRead MoreThe Cold War On World War II1264 Words   |  6 PagesFrom numerous points of view, the Cold War started even before the weapons fell quiet in Germany and in the Pacific in 1945. Suspicion and doubt had characteriz ed U.S. - Soviet relations for a considerable length of time and reemerged when the cooperation against Adolf Hitler who was chancellor of Germany during World War 2, was no more. The belief system and dreams of the after war world anticipated U.S. president Harry S Truman and Soviet Dictator Joseph Stalin from cooperating. Stalin expectedRead MoreWorld War II : The Cold War978 Words   |  4 PagesAfter World War II came to a stop in the mid-20th century, a new rivalry began known as the Cold War. This battle sorrowed the world’s two great powers the democratic, capitalist United States and the communist Soviet Union against each other. Beginning in the late 1950s, space would become another tense stage for this competition, as each side wanted to prove the superiority of its technology, its military firepower and by extension its political-economic system. There were a lot that led up priorRead MoreThe Cold War And The World War II872 Words   |  4 PagesDuring the World War II through the present, the Cold War and the Globalization impacted a lot both positive and negative sides for the national world. The Cold War was a remarkable time for not only Germany and Globalization was a big shift for the world. From that, people defined Cold War as a division and Globalization as integration. So why do people define two events like that? The Cold War was simile as a division, especially when it came to Germany. As we all know, Germany was divided intoRead MoreWorld War II : The Cold War1087 Words   |  5 PagesWorld War II was devastating to all powers involved, but especially to the countries of Europe who had a war raging in their backyard. After the war ended, the world was a disaster, with economic and political policies destroyed. However, the tension that encompassed the world did not pass with the ending of the war; instead, it grew under the surface, strengthening animosity between countries with differing views, particularly the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and the United States

Cild psycology Free Essays

According to social learning theorists what Is the major way In which moral behaviors are learnt. Social learning theory posits that learning Is a cognitive process that takes place in a social context and can occur purely through observation or direct instruction,even in the absence of motor reproduction or direct reinforcement and on addition to the observation of behavior is governed solely by reinforcements by placing emphasis on the important roles of various internal processes In the learning individual. Q)according to psychoanalytic theory what Is the critical event in the development of morality. We will write a custom essay sample on Cild psycology or any similar topic only for you Order Now He summonsing of the doodles complex the child will have to realize that Insets(love for the opposite sex parent)l’s forbidden and that is just the beginning now the child will also have to internals parental authority. Q)stealing-for a creditable motive-for selfish gain lying-an obvious exaggeration that no-one would be deceived by-intentional and convincing lie that does deceive an adult. Lying-an honest mistake whose uniqueness unfavorable affect an adult-a deliberate lie which, by chances does not cause any real Inconvenience. Q)place each of the 6 statements a-f under appropriate heading of heterogamous morality and autonomous morality. Heterogamous morality *lies to adults were worse than lies to children. *took little notice of intention. *made little differentiation between lies to adults and lies to peers. Autonomous morality *took Intention into account. *lying is wrong in itself. *lies are wrong because you get punished for them. Q)LA-pre-moral or presentational morality -childrearing rules to avoid punishment and conform to obtain rewards and favors returned and children follow rules when it is In their best interest. Q-conventional morality-children conform to avoid disapproval and dislike by others they also have respect for authority and a desire to avoid disapproval,the children value trust, loyalty,respect and gratitude. B-post-conventional-children conform to democratically accept the law and also to avoid self-condemnation,they are aware that there are different views ND values and are relative,when there are differences between law and conscience,conscience over rules in the final stage shows the development of the individual conscience. Q)we have Just started that Gallagher stages are in invariant order, what does this mean. Goldberg was Interested In how morality develop,that is at what age and in what order to children develop their understanding of right and wrong. Gallery argued that while different moral concepts appeared in different ages in different children,the order in which these concepts appeared was always the name across children,so every child who understood stage 2, moral principals had to first pass through stage 1 moral principals. His idea that moral concepts appeared In the same sequence In different children-l’s the Idea of Invariant order that Is,the sequence, children always go stage 1 to 2 to stage 3 and so forth,they do not skip stages or move through them in mixed up orders,not all children necessarily reach the highest stage,they might lack intellectual stimulation,but to the extent they do go through the stages,they proceed in order. How to cite Cild psycology, Papers

User Centered Design Development Techniques

Question: Discuss about the User Centered Design for Development Techniques. Answer: Introduction User Centered Design is a series of development techniques that is used to develop and enhance user experience and efficiency of a particular software or software program. This design technique is mainly used for increasing commercial success of a software program (Courage and Baxter 2005). User Centered Design is a matter of controversy among different researchers and most of the researchers have different viewpoints regarding this particular technique. Some have opted for market centric technique and others opted for user centric technique. Most of the researchers have discussed about both of the techniques and wanted to find a new way to incorporate both of these techniques together. One of the significant theories regarding user design technique was published by Kutty (2015) in which she said that market research and user research are two entirely different techniques and cannot be implemented together within one system. The main objective of this paper is to analyze user centered design and related techniques and review Kuttys (2015) theory regarding market research and user research techniques. Analysis of the paper on the basis of relevant market data and statistics will give a clear idea regarding the user centered design and its implications on information technology business systems. Significance and Evidence Significance Market research is based on the type of customers that are buying the products. The target is always the type of customers of the company. Hence, the products are manufactured according to the type of customers buying the products. Hence, market research can benefit the financial aspect of the company but only for a limited period of time. User research is based on the activities or applications that are done with the products by the customers (Kutty 2015). The design is made by contemplating the possible applications from the users end. This technique may not be successful initially, but will be successful in the long run with gradual and periodic updates. The main problem that companies face is during the selection of the technique. Some companies opt for market research and others for user research. However, failure to identify the best technique for the particular product results in business disaster (Lin 2013). Hence, the problem of differentiating the two techniques is a very important one and the company must be able to identify the best technique for their particular business system. Different companies have different business functions and they need a different technique that is most suited for their business. For instance, for the companies seeking immediate commercial impact in their business system, they should opt for market research, as this will lead to manufacture of products that are favored by market trends and will be economically feasible (Hertzum 2016). For the companies seeking to improve their products (mainly softwares) gradually through regular updates after taking user feedbacks, the user research is more suitable. According to Kutty (2015), these two techniques are different in their operation and should not be confused as the same. However, she also mentioned that the two techniques are complimentary to each other in terms of operation and execution. Hence, an in-depth analysis is required for both the techniques in order to solve the problem for different business organizations. Evidence The author argued that market research is based on the type of customers that are buying the products and user research is based on the activities or applications that are done with the products by the customers. The author also argued that market research and user research are two entirely different techniques and cannot be implemented together within one system (Davis and Douglas 2015). However, she also added that the two techniques are complimentary to each other in terms of operation and execution. To support the authors arguments, there are several business cases that show that these are extremely valid arguments. Courage and Baxter (2005) said using real statistics that market research can benefit the financial aspect of the company but only for a limited period of time while the companies seeking to improve their products (mainly softwares) gradually through regular updates after taking user feedbacks, the user research is more suitable. This supports Kuttys (2015) view that the two approaches are different and have different benefits to the companies. The author also said that the two research methods are complimentary to each other. This is supported by the fact that both of them satisfy two different but important conditions of a successful business system. One satisfies the business organization while the other satisfies the customers. For the evidences for supporting the authors argument, a few business organizations have been studied and analyzed. There are some developers that tend to go with the market trend and design their products according to the demands. Moreover, they do not wait for customer feedback and design their products but solely depend on the ongoing trend in the market. This is a market research technique and actively contradicts user research technique. Again, some developers design their products based on the customer needs (Chase et al. 2016). They release demo or unfinished versions of softwares or other products and sell them to the customers for feedback. After receiving feedbacks, they develop the products according to the requirements of the client. This contradicts market research technique. However, these evidences are not quite convincing at all. This is because there have been so many cases in both the techniques that were not beneficial for the developers at all. Moreover, there have been many evidences where these techniques were failures in the companies where they were implemented. According to some evidences, some developers tried to go on with the market but ultimately failed in the long run as they had no proper future planning (Bae 2015). In most of these cases, the companies initially made good profits from the market trend but failed to keep up with changing markets due to lack of upgradation of their products or softwares. Moreover, customer feedbacks were also taken into account by the developers. Again, for the companies who used user research technique, they based their development solely based on customer feedbacks. They developed and upgraded their products or services according to the customers feedbacks or demands (Xie et al. 2016). However, in many cases, the development projects failed. The main cause of the failure was lack of sufficient funding for the projects. Apparently, due to user centered design, the developers have to change or redevelop a particular software. This results in extra expenses and since the softwares or products are not fully released in market, they are unable to reap profits from the market (Nunan and Di Domenico 2013). This also results in loss of market value as well as business of the company. All these evidences speak against the authors arguments. Implications Before evaluating the implications of the evidences for and against the authors standpoint, several points are to be analyzed and discussed that are related to this particular topic. These points are mainly based on some small techniques and tests done by the developers during the development of a particular application or software. These techniques are direct applications of the research techniques as suggested by Kutty as well as many other prominent researchers in this field. Point 1 - One user research technique is usability test. With the help of this test, the user is enabled to send feedbacks to the developer regarding further possible developments on the particular software (Becker and Yannotta 2013). Point 2 - During the development process of the softwares, the developers need to make some advanced academic assumptions. Hence, after initial development, the developers have to see whether the applications or softwares are commercially feasible or not (Sonderegger et al. 2014). Point 3 - The developers have to ensure that the developed softwares completely meet the requirements of the user. There are many ways to develop a software, most of these are done along with exciting visual designs. However, the first priority should be to meet user requirements (Chase, Trapasso and Tolliver 2016). Point 4 - Recently, some advanced software developers are using high end system configurations for developing the application softwares. For this reason, most of the latest softwares can only be properly executed in the high end computing devices (Park and Hong 2015). However, these softwares have a risk of gaining a very low popularity rating as a large number of users may not have access to the expensive and high-end computing systems (Courage and Baxter 2005). The main reason behind discussing these facts is that, all these techniques are followed based on the customer requirements i.e. there is a general trend of following user research technique among developers. If the softwares are developed according to the users requirements and are commercially extremely viable, then the developers are able to grow extremely fast and become economic powerhouse (Courage and Baxter 2005). One the other hand, if the market research technique is followed, the developers can grow initially but may fail to keep up with the changing market trends. This creates another problem that calls for a solution. For a perfect commercial system, a company has to grow fast initially to support the ongoing development in the company. Now, this implies that the company follows market centric and user centric research techniques at the same time, which is impossible according to Kutty (2015). However, this process is actually an absolute perfect process that combines the two techniques by keeping a perfect balance between the two. This new system will not only be commercially viable but will also satisfy the users. Hence, the developers should keep this in mind and should try to construct a similar intermediate technique that will follow both the market trend as well as user feedbacks. Conclusion The main goal of this report was to analyze user centered design and related techniques and review Kuttys theory regarding market research and user research techniques. From the report, several aspects of the user centered design can be concluded. User centered design technique is mainly used for increasing commercial success of a software program but is a matter of controversy among different researchers and most of the researchers have different viewpoints regarding this particular technique. One of the significant theories regarding user design technique was published by Kutty in which she said that market research and user research are two entirely different techniques and cannot be implemented together within one system. According to her, these two techniques are different in their operation and should not be confused as the same and added that the two techniques are complimentary to each other in terms of operation and execution. There are many evidences to support her claims. For instance, real statistics show that market research can benefit the financial aspect of the company but only for a limited period of time while the companies seeking to improve their products (mainly softwares) gradually through regular updates after taking user feedbacks, the user research is more suitable. The fact that the two systems are complementary is supported by the fact that both of them satisfy two different but important conditions of a successful business system. However, there have been so many cases in both the techniques that were not beneficial for the developers at all. Moreover, there have been many evidences where these techniques were failures in the companies where they were implemented. According to some evidences, some developers tried to go on with the market but ultimately failed in the long run as they had no proper future planning. Again, for the companies who used user research technique, they based their development solely based on customer feedback s. They developed and upgraded their products or services according to the customers feedbacks or demands and in many of these cases, the development projects. Hence, finally it can be concluded that in spite of Kuttys views, a new method should be found that would be able to solve the issues faced by both the techniques, i.e. bringing a balance between the two techniques might be able to solve the problems and help developers move into a new and more efficient development system. References Bae, K.J., 2015. A Study on the Definition of User Experience toward Electronic Publication for Education and Research and the Usability Test for the Electronic Publication Devices.Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science,49(2), pp.255-274. Becker, D.A. Yannotta, L., 2013. Modeling a library website redesign process: Developing a user-centered website through usability testing.Information Technology and Libraries (Online),32(1), p.6. Chase, D., Trapasso, E. Tolliver, R., 2016. The Perfect Storm: Examining User Experience and Conducting a Usability Test to Investigate a Disruptive Academic Library Web Site Redevelopment.Journal of Web Librarianship,10(1), pp.28-44. Courage, C. Baxter, K., 2005.Understanding your users: a practical guide to user requirements: methods, tools, and techniques. Gulf Professional Publishing. Davis, K. Douglas, D., 2015, September. Translating Usability Test Data into Client-Ready Findings and Recommendations. InProceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting(Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 1764-1768). SAGE Publications. Fagan, J.C., Mandernach, M.A., Nelson, C.S., Paulo, J.R. Saunders, G., 2012. Usability test results for a discovery tool in an academic library. Hertzum, M., 2016. A usability test is not an interview.Interactions (new York). Kutty, P., 2015. Blending market research and user research activities.interactions,22(3), pp.68-70. Lin, C.C., 2013. Exploring the relationship between technology acceptance model and usability test.Information Technology and Management,14(3), pp.243-255. Nunan, D. Di Domenico, M., 2013. Market research and the ethics of big data.International Journal of Market Research,55(4), pp.2-13. Park, D. Hong, K.H., 2015. A Web Based System for Usability Project Planning and Testing.KIISE Transactions on Computing Practices,21(4), pp.308-314. Shin, J.H., Ryu, H. Jang, S.H., 2014. A task-specific interactive game-based virtual reality rehabilitation system for patients with stroke: a usability test and two clinical experiments.Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation,11(1), p.1. Sonderegger, A., Uebelbacher, A., Pugliese, M. Sauer, J., 2014, April. The influence of aesthetics in usability testing: the case of dual-domain products. InProceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems(pp. 21-30). ACM. Xie, W., Bivins, M.A., Jones, S., Deng, K.K., Schiller, B., Sullivan, J., Terrazas, A. Sheppard, M., The Nielsen Company, 2016. Context-Based Image Recognition For Consumer Market Research. U.S. Patent 20,160,125,265. Yang, L. Li, Z., 2016. Improvement Suggestion of Ergonomics Experiment Based on Apparatus Usability Evaluation. InProceedings of the 6th International Asia Conference on Industrial Engineering and Management Innovation(pp. 147-152). Atlantis Press. Zhao, T., McDonald, S. Edwards, H.M., 2014. The impact of two different think-aloud instructions in a usability test: a case of just following orders?.Behaviour Information Technology,33(2), pp.163-183.

Starbucks

Introduction Background After the post World War II trends of doing business have been changed. There are changes inside and outside businesses, and this is because businesses have started to identify and face serious challenges. Business environments are changed as the scope of the environment is expanding rapidly (Ferrell Hartline, 2010).Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Starbucks – Marketing Management Perspective specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Presently, organizations have recognized marketing as an important business function. To survive the challenges of globalization, diversified customer needs, modernized market trends, and international competition organizations admire the concepts of marketing management. The purpose of this study is to assess and evaluate marketing principles in light of modern business challenges. The direction of this study is to apply the concepts in perspective of a practically existing company Starbucks. This is to construct a bridge between theoretical models and practical application of diversified marketing tools (Kotler Keller, 2012). Starbucks, a global chain of coffee shops and stores that has achieved a long way in the international business, is going to be part of the assessment in this report. This is to demonstrate of how a globalized company works on marketing tools and utilizes each tool to build its place in the international market (Starbucks, 2011). Literature Review In recent times, where businesses are most diversified marketing has received multiple definitions. The experts define it as a social and managerial tool. According to Kotler, â€Å"Marketing is a process of exchanging values. It is a process by which individuals and groups obtain of what they want and need by creating and exchanging values. It is a method of action to build and maintain relationships with the target audiences† (Kotler Keller, 2012).  Ald erson’s research has played a significant role in extending the above explanation by Kotler. Alderson along with Bagozzi have described five conditions of exchange (Lamb et al., 2011). â€Å"They explained that there must be at least two parties; each party has a value for each other, both parties are opened for communication, each party is free to accept or reject the offer, and each party believes in the relationship with each other† (Lamb et al., 2011). These are the five Alderson’s conditions, which are important to prolong the exchange process described by Kotler in his definition.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The literature highlights such conditions as updated version of general theory of marketing, which fundamentally talks about the exchange process and parties’ relationship (Lamb et al., 2011).  In all such definitions, marketi ng is not just limited to promotion, advertisement or sales, but it is a continuous exercising process that corresponds to the provision of goods and services. Building up of trust, value, and recognition of commodities lies in the scope of marketing as a business function. Hence, marketing is a business oriented and customer driven activity, which never ends until both domains get satisfied (Lamb et al., 2011).  According to Kotler and Armstrong, marketing is a business function that makes up the modern marketing system. The system constitutes of multiple elements in which a business performs its marketing activity (Ferrell Hartline, 2010). The experts have suggested that in the modern marketing system there are four major segments. The segments include suppliers, competitors, marketing intermediaries, and end users respectively. In this system, end users are the target audience while suppliers, competitors, and marketing intermediaries are the manageable segments. To meet needs and wants of the end users companies search for their competitive advantages in all respective areas (Riaz Tanveer, 2012). This is to generate value among customers and competition for the rivals in order to dominate the market system. In experts’ opinion, the spectrum of marketing is broad as it includes the entire chain from where a business process starts. Consumers, competitors, and suppliers all are part of the system and have to be included in a marketing function and operation (Kotler Keller, 2012).  Based on the proposed market environment, there are different factors that affect such environment. According to Donovan and Henley, there are precisely external factors that affect the marketing environment. The factors include political, economical, social, technological, legal, and environmental, which are influential and should be part of the assessment (Ferrell Hartline, 2010).  To address such influential factors enterprises work on strong marketing strategie s (Ferrell Hartline, 2010, pp. 101). These include strategies based on marketing principles, concepts, theories, and models, which analyze external business environments and address them deliberately and comprehensively (Ferrell Hartline, 2010). According to the Alberdeen Group Boston (a research firm), enterprises which scan external environments are able to increase 26% of their return on investment. This is because such firms are well aware of their environments helps them construct viable marketing strategies (Lamb et al., 2011, pp. 103). So, analysis of the environment is necessary; it is an important part of the marketing process as it leads a business to decide its marketing campaign and strategy (Lamb et al., 2011).Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Starbucks – Marketing Management Perspective specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For analyzing, scanning and examining the market environment, marke ting as a function offers different analytical tools and models. The modern literature highlights the importance of such analytical tools, especially, market segmentation which assesses extended market environments (Kotler Keller, 2012). According to Kotler, market segmentation is a complete scanning package. This strategic tool permits division of the market in different segments so specific marketing campaign can be developed. According to Doyle (1995), hyper competitions and growing challenges of economies have brought firms to market segmentation. It is a tool that highlights each and every thing of the market including customers, their behaviors and their changing product needs and wants. Grouping customers with respect to their needs and demographics all becomes possible by applying market segmentation (Ferrell Hartline, 2010).  According to the modern marketing literature, consumers are the target audience for any business and strategists use analytical tools just to anal yze their situation and response. Analyzing consumer behavior is very important for businesses especially for those, which operate in highly competitive environment (Ferrell Hartline, 2010). According to Berry and Kunkel, understanding customers need by assessing their preferences, perceptions, and behaviors is viably important for businesses. Without knowing of what consumers want and what they prefer, businesses cannot produce highly competitive goods (Foxall, 2001). This requires an assessment of consumer psychology, which can be done by assessing consumer behavioral models and theories. According to Utility Theory, consumers are natural interpreters; they judge products and services on the basis of the benefit they are going to retrieve. Similarly, consumers look after their self interest and this is the rationale they set for buying goods and services (Bray, 2008). According to Foxall (2001), consumers have different approaches on decisions. Some consumers are economic, psycho dynamic or cognitive due to which their buying preferences change and become diversified. This is a challenge, which modern marketers face, especially, when they are dealing with large population of customers and the continuously changing market trends (Bray, 2008). According to the modern literature, SWOT model is one technique that can be used for effective market analysis. SWOT model is a combination of internal and external factors analysis (Karppi et al., 2001). It includes analytical components of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats that indicate the position of a business in any new market place.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In several empirical evidences, SWOT model provides a basis of business expansion (Karppi et al., 2001). It provides the stance and position to intrude into a new market system. According to Karppi study (2001), organizations use SWOT model to assess market segments. They use it to interpret market scenario, dimensions and the conditions in which they can bring the entire benefit (Karppi et al., 2001). Once the analysis gets completed, the next phase of marketing is formulizing strategies. One of the strategies includes the marketing mix model proposed by Neil Borden. As per Borden’s explanation, marketing mix is an extensive marketing strategy (Riaz Tanveer, 2012). It is a strategy that helps to sustain business products and services for a large aspect of time. Borden’s marketing mix model got an extension from Kotler, Armstrong, and Saunders who described it as a submerging marketing tool. According to Kotler and Saunders (2008), marketing mix is a set of controllab le submerging tools, which are used to generate response in a respective target market. These submerging tools are the 4Ps (product, price, place and promotion) which are controllable, adjustable, and can be redesigned according to the situation of the market (Riaz Tanveer, 2012). Marketing itself can be performed online or offline depending upon the nature of the business and the scope in which customers of a business lie. As per the modern literature, enterprises have adapted methods of online marketing. This is because of the increasing number of digital customers who require digital modes of marketing to get attracted and anticipated (Ferrell Hartline, 2010). In modern academics, e-marketing is viewed as a modern business practice. The literature describes e-marketing as a digital mode of marketing to promote ideas, information, goods, and services. According to Strauss and Frost (2001), e-marketing â€Å"is a use of electronic data and applications for planning and executing the conception, distribution and pricing of ideas, goods and services. This is to create exchanges, which are satisfactory for organizational and individual goals† (Gohary, 2010, pp. 216). Further literature highlights communication as an important function of marketing. It includes the model of marketing communication mix, which integrates the mix of advertisement, sales promotion, public relations, and direct marketing for customer response feedback and communication (Ferrell Hartline, 2010). Analysis – Starbucks Marketing Management Perspective Company Overview Starbucks was initially a small business enterprise – a company started off with a base store in Seattle Pike Place Market (1971). As time evolved the company pioneered bean coffee, tea, and spice selling, and it became one of the leading multinational companies. Today, the company has a established name, image, and repute in more than 50 countries across the world. Presently, the company is looking for expansion for which it has chosen Dubai coffee market as a new way forward (Starbucks, 2011).  Dubai is a recent target market of Starbucks, which is an open market with great opportunities for expansion and investment. The strategists have devised strong marketing plans for the company, which are going to be applied for marketing the company in Dubai. The analysis performed in this report will evaluate Starbucks’ approach to the UAE market. It is to assess how the company evolved with the market risk, challenges, and opportunities (Starbucks, 2011). Dubai Market- Segmentation (Strategic Options) For approaching Dubai market, Starbucks will first have to understand the market situation. Dubai is a busy place, which invites people from all around the world mostly Europe and Central Asia. Most of the people in Dubai are work oriented as vast majority of individuals come to Dubai either for jobs or doing business. In such busy place, there is a huge demand of coffee and te a. People working in white collar jobs prefer to have coffee at least once or twice a day (Euromonitor, 2012).  In the last three years, coffee and tea consumption has increased to a great level in Dubai. There is an increase in the consumption of coffee and tea by 85%. Individuals from all age groups (young and adult), genders (male and female) and cultures (multiple ethnicities) admire coffees in Dubai, which shows that it is a diversified coffee market that requires an extensive marketing approach from Starbucks (Euromonitor, 2012). Among strategic options there are different factors to be considered by managers. The target audience / population (valuable-compensable), blend of products (product mix), and the pricing mix are important strategic options for Starbucks’ managers. In Dubai’s perspective, the target audience should be both adult and young, office workers, students, and tourists respectively. The product mix should include both cappuccino and espresso a long with bakery products like muffin, pan cakes, and cookies, which are specialties of Starbucks. Similarly, the price should be with respect to Dubai market, which is extensively low and highly competitive (Euromonitor, 2012). Market Analysis In recent times, Dubai is projecting an extensive amount of growth in the Coffee retail sector. According to Euromonitor International, this market has shown the fastest growth rate of coffee by volume and revenues. As per annual projections, total coffee volume of sales will grow by 80% from 2009 to 2014, which is a great sign for new coffee brands of the region (Euromonitor, 2012). Presently, there are numerous international coffee brands, which are operational in UAE. They are selling bulks of coffee just to promote the coffee chain culture and tradition. This culture is precise in UAE where several international brands like Costa Coffee, Coffee bean and Tea Leaf, Barista, Blenz, and Starbucks are working to establish the trend. As per the Euromonitor’s report, brands are about to receive a heavy population of customers in the coming days. This recognizes a great opportunity and prospects for upcoming brands in the region (Euromonitor, 2012).  The market is demanding low cost producers. Dubai, which is the hub of Coffee making, cannot accept high cost producers. The trend is there for coffee making and hence, it does not allow high cost producers to survive or sustain. In this case, Starbucks will have to work on price cuttings. A deliberate cheap price offer will work out in Dubai and its large low price setting (Euromonitor, 2012). Marketing Mix and Extended Product Life Cycle As per the literature, marketing mix is a significant technique of marketing. It is a method that applies to communicating brand’s products and services to the respective target audience of the market. Dubai, which holds a cross-cultural setting, may require an effective marketing mix strategy. A strategy that can communicate Starbucks’ products to Dubai market will be the one that can carry the cross-cultural segment (Morgenstern, 2010). Considering people of all age groups, genders, and cultures will devise a strong marketing mix strategy. It should be precise with covering all customers’ population, their preferences and behaviors. This will align Starbucks products and services with customers’ perception and expectation, which will effectively extend the product life cycles of Starbucks in the region (Morgenstern, 2010). Product On the very first, Starbucks should offer Cappuccino and Espresso. These are strengths of the company and can hit as a success in the diversified cross cultural system of Dubai. The Italian Style Espresso with milked steamed topping and Cappuccino with Latte will definitely work out for customers. In the selection of premium teas, which are supplementary products of Starbucks, the company can offer lemonades and iced tea. This will bring a unique and valu able package for customers as they will find a blend of coffee, tea, and beverages all in Starbucks offerings (Morgenstern, 2010).  Excluding trademarks or specialties (Cappuccino-Espresso) never works out in marketing especially when a company (Starbucks) has to capture a diversified cross-cultural market â€Å"Dubai† (Morgenstern, 2010). Price In Dubai, where there are loads of coffee shops at each corner would hate to pay more than $3 for a coffee or tea. In this low price scenario, Starbucks will have to cut its prices which are perceivably high at other parts of the world. The popular $ 1.50 brewed coffee and $2 Cappuccino and Espresso of Starbucks will work out in this manner. Meanwhile, in labor and cost-intensive goods like coffee beans, dairy and raw materials the company can raise its prices which are generally raised by other producers as well (Morgenstern, 2010). Place Dubai being a place of travelers projects different places of marketing and placement. Starbuc ks as an intruder of Dubai market can pick the most popular places of the region. Opening convenience stores at Burj Dubai Boulevard, Marina, Oud Mina, Uptown Mirdiff, or 21st Century Tower on Sheikh Zayed Road will allow distinctive promotion of Starbucks in the region. Apart from targeting popular places, the company can access hotels, shopping malls, and city towers for direct marketing and promotion (Morgenstern, 2010). Promotion Being an internationally recognized company, Starbucks can subject to both modes of marketing (offline and online). In Dubai, where there is a huge population of customers Starbucks can acquire My Starbuck Website, which is already in place and is used by Starbucks administrators all around the world. Apart from all, there are different media gates like newspapers, magazines, and billboard advertisements, which can be utilized for offline marketing and promotion (Morgenstern, 2010). In strategizing promotional campaigns for Dubai, Starbucks administrato rs can also utilize channel management. It is an activity that maintains company status by developing interaction between customers and the company. By spreading network channels such as text messaging, internet, retail stores or franchises, Starbucks can develop interface communication which is viably important for promotion and advertisement (Morgenstern, 2010). Understanding Buyer’s Behavior Dubai is a diversified consumer market. People from different ethnicities and cultures come across to adjust in Dubai. All ethnicities such as European, Pakistani, Indian, Thai, Filipino, Syrian and Indonesian are found in Dubai and this situation diversifies buying range, needs, and behaviors of Dubai’s food customers (International Markets Bureau, 2010). Coffee is an important segment of the food. It is the most demanded food item in the region. In such diversified behavioral system, Starbucks will have to come up with a differentiated product range. A range which suits all cu stomers’ perceptions and behaviors will be the successive one in the region. Hence, a right product mix for Starbucks includes Cappuccino, Espresso, premium teas, and beverages. Such scheme will prolong and be well suited if offered with a sustainable pricing mix campaign (competitively low) (International Markets Bureau, 2010). Marketing Communication Mix Analysis Starbucks has been quite successful in its integrated marketing approach. The approach carries direct marketing, advertisement, sales promotion, and public relations at one row of application. The same integrated approach of Starbucks should be adopted in UAE as there is a need of multi cultural market interaction, which can be worked out via Starbucks integrated marketing communication (Sargent, 2012). SWOT Analysis According to the literature review, SWOT analysis is viably important for businesses. It is most decisive model as it uncovers company’s (Starbucks) real position to step into a new market place (Dubai). Strengths In UAE, the real strength for Starbucks is its image. In past, the company has been recognized for its quality products and services, which have made its name in the international business market. By maintaining conventional SOPs and brand image, Starbucks will have a full fledge chance to excel in Dubai’s market. These are fundamental strengths that should be sustained in the new market segment (Starbucks, 2011). Apart from brand image, Starbucks has competitive advantage in view of employee wages. The company pays above than the market level, which adds to the strength and repute of the company. Furthermore, access to high quality resources allows the company to hold its strength in quality coffee manufacturing and services (Starbucks, 2011). Weaknesses In conventional appearance, Starbucks lacks in low price market. Its brand image and repute makes its products relatively expensive in the market. This definitely is not going to favor Starbucks in Dubai where there are low price seeking customers who look for the cheapest coffee goods and services. Additionally, customers do not spend much time in gauging coffee bags or tea bags. They simply buy coffee, which is cheap and liked by the market. Hence, Starbucks products, which are traditionally high in price will have to be lowered in respect of Dubai’s low price market which demands for low price goods and services (Starbucks, 2011). Opportunities The recent rise of Dubai’s coffee retail market indicates that Starbucks has viable opportunities in the region. The place is a â€Å"Coffee Hub† which offers permanent doors to new brands and investors in the region. By asserting partnerships and mergers Starbucks can join the profitable region of UAE – Dubai. This may require experts’ opinion on how the investment can be made, planted, and organized (Starbucks, 2011). Threats Among all threats facing the company, one major threat is market entry by new rivalries. Many coffee brands are making ways in Dubai’s market, which is definitely a risk factor for Starbucks in Dubai. Apart from new entrants there are established rivalries such as Costa Coffee, Coffee bean, Tea Leaf, Barista, and Blenz, which are further threats for Starbucks and its products (Morgenstern, 2010). The risk is great but it can be minimized if managed through product differentiation, marketing mix, and pricing mix models. These are fundamentals of risk management essentially required by a company like Starbucks to proceed into large market segment – Dubai (Euromonitor, 2012). Conclusion and Recommendations Upon analyzing the literature and Starbucks case study, it can be concluded that marketing tools are highly significant for a business. When a company expands or plans to enter a new market place, it requires extensive marketing tools to analyze the new market system and situation. Market environments with have high competition, high risk, and si gnificantly cross-cultural setting may require extensive marketing tools for market orientation. This is what has been identified in Starbucks’ case study, which implies adaptation of marketing tools and operations. Models such as SWOT analysis, marketing mix model, marketing communication, and channel management are decisively recommended. Such models are important parts of a strategy and they should be utilized by businesses to formulize their effective marketing campaign. The same has been identified in Starbucks’ case where the company applied marketing models to expand into a new market region of Dubai. It used models of SWOT, marketing mix, pricing, and differentiation to intrude into the new market place effectively, and progressively. Hence, marketing models identified in the literature and in the Starbucks case study are highly recommended and suggested. List of References Bray, J. 2008, Consumer Behavior Theory: Approaches and Models, Research Report, Bournem outh University Publications: Dublin. Euromonitor 2012, Coffee in the United Arab Emirates. Web. Ferrell, O Hartline, M 2010, Marketing Strategy, Cengage Learning: Mason. Foxall, G 2001, Foundations of Consumer Behavior Analysis, Research Report, Sage: London. Gohary H 2010, E-Marketing- A Literature Review From a Small Business Perspective, International Journal of Business and Social Science,1, pp.215-44. International Markets Bureau 2010, The United Arab Emirates Consumer Behaviour, Attitudes and Perceptions Toward Food Products, Research Report. AAFC Canada: Ottawa. Karppi, I, Kokkonen, M, Smith, K 2001, SWOT analysis as a basis for regional strategies, Research Report, Nordregio: Stockholm. Kotler, P Keller, K 2012, Marketing Management, Pearson Education: New Jersey. Lamb, C, Hair, J McDaniel, C 2011, Essentials of Marketing, Cengage Learning: Mason. Morgenstern, K 2010, Marketing Mix of Starbucks, GRIN Verlag: Munich. Riaz, W Tanveer, A 2012, Marketing Mix, Not Branding, Asian Journal of Business and Management Sciences, 1, pp.43-52. Sargent, C 2012, Ten Most Intriguing, Research Report, National Resources Council of Maine: Augusta. Starbucks 2011, Company Profile, Company Document, Starbucks Coffee Company: Seattle. This case study on Starbucks – Marketing Management Perspective was written and submitted by user Elliott Tran to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Starbucks Blonde Roasted Light Coffee For many years, Starbucks spent its time brewing black coffee to its consumers. The company promoted dark roasted coffee with rich and highly caffeinated taste than other coffee varieties found in retail stores, which consumers had become accustomed.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Starbucks specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The company has been promoting black coffee for many years, but a significant number of â€Å"coffee consumers (nearly 40 percent) insisted that they preferred lightly roasted coffee† (Satran 1). Starbucks noted that most of these coffee consumers were coffee connoisseurs who had experiences with coffee for many years. This implies that this segment of coffee consumers consisted of opinion leaders, who could possibly influence other coffee consumers. They also held the view that dark roasted coffee lost its flavor during roasting (Satran 1). The company hoped that by introducing its Blonde Roast, it would gain a significant market share with a potential of over one billion USD in revenues (Satran 1). When Starbucks introduced the Blonde Roast coffee, it was targeting a segment of coffee consumers who did not prefer dark roasted coffee. Berfield noted that Starbucks executives believed that there were â€Å"more than 40 percent of coffee drinkers in the US, or some 54 million potential customers, who preferred a mild roast coffee† (Berfield 1). The company believed that this segment of coffee consumers did not prefer the original black roasted coffee of Starbucks. Obviously, this was a strategy to fight for the market share and increase competition for customers, who took their light roasted coffee at Dunkin’ Donuts and McDonald’s. Starbucks has promoted its new Blonde Roast coffee through various ways. First, the company encouraged coffee consumers to taste its Blonde Roast coffee by â€Å"offering free samples in several venues for a limited time† (Satran 1). This free offer consisted of the new Vanilla Blonde Roast coffee too. Second, Starbucks used social media, Facebook to promote its new brand.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It offered, a free â€Å"tall cups of Blonde and Vanilla Blonde coffee via a new Facebook app for the purchase of eGifts† (Satran 1). Customers had to sign up for the app and get an electronic coupon, which they would then redeem for a free cup of the new Blonde Coffee. Finally, the company opened strategic pop-up stores in â€Å"Boston, New York, Washington D.C., Philadelphia, Chicago, and Dallas that offered free cups of Blonde and Vanilla Blonde coffee, together with coupons for a dollar of packaged beans of the two varieties† (Satran 1). A Price Premium Coffee Shop Starbucks continues to dominate the retail coffee business with relati vely premium prices yet its coffee products are almost like other coffee products from competitors. The company is a high-priced coffee retail outlet because it offers value, quality, and authority in the retail coffee market. Over the years, Starbucks has managed to differentiate itself from other coffee shops. Customers can easily note the differences in terms of coffee shop design, music, coffee machine, and Wi-Fi among others. The company uses latest technologies to promote its products and maintain premium prices (O’Farrell 1). The company started with black roasted coffee and positioned itself as the leader and authority in coffee retailing. This strategy has allowed Starbucks to charge its coffee at premium prices relative to competitors. On this note, when the company introduces a new coffee product at relatively higher prices, coffee consumers are willing to pay premium prices because they relate Starbucks coffee with quality and as the best coffee brand in the marke t. Starbucks believes in high value at slightly high prices. This makes consumers to believe that they receive quality products at Starbucks than at other coffee shops. The company maintains quality processes throughout its supply chain. Moreover, customer service has touted Starbucks as the best coffee shop. These realizations make Starbucks to maintain high prices.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Starbucks specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Finally, Starbucks uses a pricing strategy based on relative value. The company provides premium coffee products, as well as low-end coffee products. Although many customers would prefer low priced coffee products, the company believes that highly priced coffee products have distinct advantages in terms of quality relative to other products in the market. Starbucks’ growth strategy in India Coffee consumption in India has surged significantly. India is a part of the BR IC countries (Brazil, Russia, India, and China) with high growth potential for Starbucks (Loeb 1). This is a long-term growth strategy of Starbucks in emerging economies where it hopes to take the advantage of the huge growing middle class (Allison 1). However, Starbucks’ entry into India had its challenges. First, the company took into account the local taste of Indian coffee consumers. Starbucks had to localize its coffee to account for local tastes, which no Western brand has been able to escape† (Parameswran 1). For instance, when McDonald’s and Taco Bell entered India, they had to adapt some of their menus to account for the local market. In fact, they also adjusted prices downwards considerably. In addition, many coffee outlets in India also offer food items alongside coffee in order to draw traffic. On this note, the company has customized its coffee products, practices, and adjusted its prices to meet prevailing Indian market conditions and introduce some tea products (Allison 1). Starbuck did not face fierce competition in India as expected. In fact, long-term coffee retailers, such as Cafe Coffee Day and Costa Coffee, had to rethinking their strategies. However, these competitors believe that coffee market in India is huge and has high potential to grow. Starbuck had to improve on socialization and strategize the coffee shop as a meeting place. The company exploited its high quality products, excellent customer service, relaxed ambiance, and other competitive advantages to attract many coffee consumers. Indian culture is not about materialism or consumerism, which is common in the US and other western countries (Allison 1). Starbuck realized that it could not transform that culture. Hence, the company introduced lower prices as a â€Å"part of a long-term plan to operate stores beyond a handful of the major urban area† (Allison 1). This also gave the company an advantage to overcome high price fears among its potential cust omers.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Happy employees at Starbucks actually lead to greater sales Since its inception, Starbucks management has focused on making its employees happy by paying higher wages than others have paid and providing benefits, which employees cannot find in other coffee shops or retail stores. This was a strategy of attracting well-educated employees, who could communicate the company’s passion for coffee to its customers (Hartley 29). Starbucks has used this concept to create happy employees who love their jobs and would like to grow with the company as Jinlong Wang, the President of Starbucks, Asia-Pacific notes (Veach 1). In turn, these employees communicate the company’s passion for coffee through superior customer service. Hence, Starbucks has managed to keep loyal consumers who generate high volumes of sales. Works Cited Allison, Melissa. Starbucks brews following in India where tea is supreme.  2013. Web. Berfield, Susan. No Jokes, Please: Starbucks Says Blonde Is Catching On.  2013. Web. Hartley, Bob. Management Mistakes and Successes, 10th Ed. New York: Wiley, 2011. Print. Loeb, Walter. Starbucks: Global Coffee Giant Has New Growth Plans.  2013. Web. O’Farrell, Renee. Starbucks Pricing Strategy.  Web. Parameswran, Prashanth. India is Starbucks’ cup of tea.  2011. Web. Satran, Joe. Free Starbucks Blonde Samples Aim To Sway Light-Roast Coffee Drinkers.  2013. Web. Veach, Emily. Good Brew: Happy Employees, Local Flair.  2012. Web. This essay on Starbucks was written and submitted by user Kayson Reed to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Simple Web Page Hit Counter Code Using PHP and MySQL

Simple Web Page Hit Counter Code Using PHP and MySQL Website stats provide important information to a website owner about how the site is doing and how many people visit. A hit counter counts and displays how many people visit  a webpage. The code for a counter varies depending on the programming language used and the amount of information you want the counter to collect. If you, like many website owners, use PHP and MySQL with your website, you can generate a simple hit counter for your webpage using PHP and MySQL. The counter stores the hit totals in a MySQL database. The Code To get started, create a table to hold the counter statistics. Do that by  executing this code: CREATE TABLE counter ( counter INT( 20 ) NOT NULL );INSERT INTO counter VALUES (0); The code creates a database  table named  counter with a single field also called counter, which stores the number of hits the site receives. It is set to start at 1, and the count increases by one each time the file is called. Then the new number  is displayed. This process is accomplished with this PHP code: ?php// Connects to your Database mysql_connect(your.hostaddress.com, username, password) or die(mysql_error()); mysql_select_db(Database_Name) or die(mysql_error());//Adds one to the countermysql_query(UPDATE counter SET counter counter 1);//Retrieves the current count$count mysql_fetch_row(mysql_query(SELECT counter FROM counter));//Displays the count on your siteprint $count[0]; ? This simple hit counter doesnt give the website owner valuable information such as whether the visitor is a repeat visitor or a first-time visitor, the location of the visitor, which page was visited, or how much time the visitor spent on the page. For that, a more sophisticated analytics program is necessary. Counter Code Tips Wanting to know the number of people who visit your site makes sense. When you are comfortable with the simple counter code,  you can personalize the code in several ways to work better with your website and gather the information you seek. Customize the database, table, and code to include other informationHold the counter in a separate file and retrieve it using include ()Format the counter text using regular HTML around the include functionCreate different rows on the counter table for additional pages on your website

Cómo saber si un migrante está detenido por la migra

Cà ³mo saber si un migrante est detenido por la migra Para saber si un inmigrante est detenido por Inmigracià ³n en Estados Unidos hay que partir del hecho de que no hay listados de detenidos, sin embargo se puede seguir una estrategia buscar y encontrar los nombres de los migrantes en custodia y en quà © prisià ³n estn. En este artà ­culo se explica cà ³mo funciona la base de datos del ICE, la agencia del gobierno encargada de detener a migrantes y que sirve para confirmar si la persona que se busca est detenida y, en caso afirmativo, dà ³nde. Asimismo, se informa sobre quà © hacer cuando el nombre de la persona que se busca no aparece y cuando es necesario contratar a un abogado. Finalmente, se hace una referencia al tiempo que un migrante puede permanecer detenido, a las condiciones de los centros de detencià ³n y cà ³mo buscar a un detenido en una prisià ³n federal o local por un asunto diferente a migracià ³n. Cà ³mo saber si un inmigrante se encuentra detenido por la migra ICE mantiene una base de datos donde puede se puede buscar a las personas que se sospecha han sido detenidas por inmigracià ³n. Puede elegirse el idioma en la parte superior derecha donde pone select a language y con la flechita escoger espaà ±ol, si asà ­ se desea. Es una pgina segura de utilizar donde aplican unos criterios fuertes de confidencialidad. Es decir, a la persona que busca no se le pide ningà ºn dato ni que se identifique o registre de ninguna manera ni tampoco se guarda informacià ³n sobre computadora o IP desde la que se realiza la bà ºsqueda. Clases de bà ºsqueda en base de datos demigrantes detenidos Puede realizarse dos clases de bà ºsqueda. La primera es la conocida como por nà ºmero de extranjero (A-Number)  que es un nà ºmero que tienen tanto los residentes permanentes legales (RPL) como todo migrante que ha tenido contacto con migracià ³n, ya que es el nà ºmero con el que se le identifica. Por ejemplo, es un nà ºmero que aparece tambià ©n en los permisos de trabajo conocidos por sus siglas en inglà ©s de EAD. La segunda bà ºsqueda est reservada para todos los dems inmigrantes, es decir, cuando no tienen ese nà ºmero o no se sabe  y se conoce como  bà ºsqueda  por informacià ³n biogrfica. En estos casos es necesario el nombre, apellido y paà ­s de nacimiento de la persona que se desea encontrar. Tambià ©n ayuda conocer su fecha exacta de nacimiento, aunque à ©ste es un dato que no es necesario. Sà ­ puede ser muy conveniente porque hay nombres y apellidos muy comunes, como por ejemplo Juan Garcà ­a o Josà © Rodrà ­guez, y pueden aparecer varias personas con el mismo nombre, y no ser ninguna la que se busca. No se puede encontrar en este sistema a la persona que han dado un nombre falso, a menos que quien la busca sepa cul es. Si aparece el nombre de la persona que se busca, se sabr donde est detenida. Buscar la pgina de internet del centro e informarse sobre las reglas para recibir llamadas, llamarla o enviarle dinero o cosas y seguir las instrucciones. Personas que no estn incluidas en la base de datos del ICE De los siguientes detenidos no se encuentra informacià ³n: 1.  Menores de 18 aà ±os. 2.  Inmigrantes que han sido puestos en libertad hace ms de 60 dà ­as. En este caso estn incluidas las personas que pueden haber sido deportadas o han salido del paà ­s voluntariamente. Tener en cuenta que las personas recià ©n detenidas pueden demorarse unos dà ­as en aparecer en el sistema. Adems las personas que utilizan nombres falsos aparece con estos, por lo que es necesario conocerlos. Por à ºltimo es posible que los apellidos o el nombre està ©n mal deletreados. Es recomendable en estos casos intentar varias opciones a la hora de escribir un nombre, si con la forma correcta no aparece el que se busca. Cà ³mo obtener de ERO informacià ³n sobre migrantes detenidos Si un migrante del que se sospecha que est detenido no aparece en la base de datos del ICE se puede checar con el oficial de migracià ³n del ERO. Cabe destacar que solamente la familia de un inmigrante detenido o sus representantes legales pueden tener acceso a esa informacià ³n. Para ello deben dirigirse a la oficina del ICE encargada de Ejecucià ³n Legal y Operaciones de Expulsià ³n (ERO, por sus siglas en inglà ©s), que es la responsable de ese caso inmigratorio. Si no sabe exactamente quà © oficina lleva el asunto, puede contactar con la que crea que ha podido iniciar el caso, por ejemplo, la que corresponda a su lugar de domicilio, si es que vivà ­a en Estados Unidos. Si se trata de un inmigrante que acaba de cruzar ilegalmente la frontera, ponerse en contacto con la oficina que corresponda al lugar por donde se crea que se ha hecho el cruce. Adems, los mexicanos tanto en Estados Unidos como en Mà ©xico, pueden marcar al telà ©fono del CIAM, donde brindan informacià ³n para encontrar personas en ms bases de datos y otro tipo de ayuda, como informacià ³n para enviar dinero a un detenido o avisos a familiares de personas en prisià ³n. Este es el telà ©fono y cà ³mo marcar y a quà © horas. Cundo es necesario un abogado para encontrar a una persona detenida por la migra Si un migrante del que se cree que est detenido por Inmigracià ³n no aparece en la base de datos del ICE y/o el oficial migratorio del ERO a cargo de un detenido se niega a dar informacià ³n de dà ³nde est, la solucià ³n es contratar a un abogado migratorio de buena reputacià ³n, que est habilitado para realizar la bà ºsqueda. Adems, un abogado puede ser siempre la mejor opcià ³n para solicitar que se fije una fianza para que el migrante està © libre mientras resuelven su caso o para decidir cul es la mejor estrategia legal. Frecuentemente los migrantes detenidos aceptan un arreglo de salida voluntaria pensando que es lo mejor, pero podrà ­an tener opciones realistas para otros alivios migratorios como por ejemplo un TPS, DACA para muchachos que llegaron a EE.UU. siendo nià ±os, asilo o cancelacià ³n de la remocià ³n. Cà ³mo visitar a una persona detenida por la migra Si al buscar en esta pgina web a un inmigrante encuentra que est â€Å"bajo custodia†, entonces selecciones â€Å"actual centro de detencià ³n†, donde se le dir dà ³nde est y quà © debe hacer para visitarlo, si asà ­ lo desea. Se recomienda que antes de emprender el viaje contacte directamente con el centro y confirme que la persona sigue allà ­ detenida. Hay que subrayar que para realizar la visita se necesita tener un ID con fotografà ­a emitido por una agencia del gobierno. Es muy recomendable que solo vayan de visita a una crcel las personas que se encuentran legalmente en Estados Unidos, como por ejemplo los ciudadanos americanos, los residentes permanentes, o las personas con una visa en regla. Adems, se puede consultar el artà ­culo sobre informacià ³n especà ­fica de cà ³mo marcar, visitar, enviar dinero y averiguar sobre fianza para los casos de migrantes en los centros de detencià ³n de Texas. Cà ³mo saber el estatus de un caso en Corte migratoria Si el asunto corresponde a un Tribunal de Inmigracià ³n se puede llamar al 1-800-898-7180. Si ya se ha recurrido y est ante la Junta de Apelaciones de Inmigracià ³n (BIA, por sus siglas en inglà ©s), se puede llamar al (703) 605-1007. Cunto tiempo tiempo puede estar un migrante detenido Depende principalmente del caso de cada uno pero incluso entran en juego otros factores como cun llenas està ©n las prisiones pero puede variar desde unos dà ­as a semanas, meses e incluso, aà ±os. En la actualidad se est aplicando la polà ­tica de tolerancia cero en la frontera, lo cual ha alargado el tiempo que los migrantes pasan detenidos. Cà ³mo son las prisiones migratorias No es posible establecer una unificacià ³n de caracterà ­sticas de las ms de 200 prisiones en las que estn encerrados los migrantes por violaciones migratorias porque varà ­an segà ºn tamaà ±o y tambià ©n segà ºn quià ©n las gestione. Algunas son de ICE, otras son rentadas a condados o ciudades locales y otras son administradas por empresas privadas. En la actualidad, ms del 60% de migrantes detenidos estn en prisiones privadas, lo cual le cuesta al gobierno federal $149,58 por inmigrante al dà ­a. Finalmente, destacar que un migrante puede ser trasladado de una prisià ³n a otra sin aviso previo, incluso puede ser enviado a un estado muy lejano de donde residà ­a o de donde fue agarrado por la migra. Cà ³mo buscar migrantes en prisiones no migratorias Si se cree que un familiar est detenido pero no aparece en la base de datos de Inmigracià ³n es posible hacer una bà ºsqueda en internet para saber si una persona est detenida en alguna de las prisiones federales  que no tienen que ver con asuntos migratorios. En estos casos hay que saber como mà ­nimo el nombre y el apellido del inmigrante que se busca. Tambià ©n es posible que està ©n en un centro que depende de un condado u otra autoridad local. Si tampoco asà ­ se le encuentra, es posible utilizar un conjunto de bases de datos y estrategias de bà ºsquedas en internet con el fin de dar con la persona que se busca. Por à ºltimo, cabe destacar que cuando una autoridad estatal o local arresta a un migrante, es posible que Inmigracià ³n coloque un hold que, de ejecutarse, llevarà ­a al migrante a cumplir la primera detencià ³n y al finalizarla, serà ­a entregado a la migra. Puntos clave para encontrar a un detenido por la migra Buscar primero en la base de datos de ICE de migrantes detenidosSi no aparece, contactar con EROLos abogados migratorios pueden encontrar esa informacià ³nLos detenidos pueden recibir y hacer llamadas y recibir dinero, paquetes y visitas Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

A reaction to 3 articles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

A reaction to 3 articles - Essay Example What he seems to be categorical however is that despite Japan’s intransigence about foreign workers, they have to move with urgency and resolve legal hurdles deterring foreign workers coming to Japan as Japan is staring at a crisis soon to come of lack of workers in vital sectors as the Japanese population declines and becomes aged. At the beginning of the article, Chico says that for Japan to continue maintaining economic relevance in the next decades, it will â€Å"depend on its ability to-and its willingness-to grow by seeking outside help.†He cites the case of foreign nurses and the odds they face-they must pass a test that â€Å"almost no foreigner passes.† He explains that Japan has â€Å"deep misgivings about immigration and has tightly controlled the ability of foreigners to live and work† in Japan. He explains that with her declining population, the government will have but, to source foreign workers. The government is taking steps towards loosening of grip on immigration and in fact, it hopes to double the number of highly skilled foreign workers within a decade. He nonetheless observes that Japan is on course to have three workers for every two retirees by 2060.Noting that Japan has a program to that effect-the economic partnership program- with Indonesia and Philipines,he howeve r observes that the program has a flaw. Throughout the article, he shows that Japan has a need for skilled labour but it is stuck with restrictive rules like on language. He indicates that a language test with a pass rate of less than 1 percent will always be criticized.

Human resource management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 7

Human resource management - Essay Example Hofstede studied the attitudes and working values of more than 116,000 IBM employees working in over 40 countries. Using factor analysis of gathered data, Hofstede shows that there are five dimensions that could not be described with other factors. Based on his results, he argues that national culture has an effect on attitudes and values related to workers or employees. Every country chooses a specific management system; however, it cannot reflect the priorities of a nation. The system may prevail by a powerful subculture due to the ability to locate its staff at the high levels of the organisation. Therefore, a predominant subculture can maintain to create a cultural imperialism. The subject was discussed by cross-cultural researchers only from the perspective of the countrys dominance over the country and not from the perspective of cultures dominance over the other culture (McSweeney, 2002, 56). The issue of choosing appropriate levels of analysis is the most significant challenge facing Hofstede’s theory. McSweeney, (2002, 55) argues that any theory should be based on detailed description levels. Hofstede’s findings describe the features. They clarify some of the cultural and behavioural paradigms in organisation of different countries. Hofstede classified the five cultural dimensions as follows (Hofstede, 2001, 56): Power distance: Based on this dimension, countries are different in terms how they treat inequality. Some countries allow inequality to grow so that there is a difference in power and wealth. In such cultures, there is disagreement between subordinates and authority. Uncertainty avoidance: This is regarded with how society members deal with the future risk possibilities. The dimension describes attempts of society to attain a certain level where they feel they are in a conflicting situation. Cultures with high UAI consist of people who

Like Water for Chocolate Essay Example for Free

Like Water for Chocolate Essay Suggests that the soup has made her feel like a baby again given that while she is still in her mom’s belly she cries very hard when onions are chopped and it suggest the impact of food to Tita. After drinking the soup Tita has miraculously recovered from the loss of pigeons which she kept as pet and that triggered her sense of loosing Pedro and R erself to cook she fell in love with it and got a part time job as an assistant to a cooking teacher. Even though she has a lack of precision she was hired because she wasn’t afraid to fail and has a passion to cook unlike the others and getting hired made her feel confident, hence gaining control of life through cooking. The protagonist, Tita in Like Water for Chocolate gains control through cooking as well. Cooking is the only thing Tita love to do because Mama Elena bans her from doing a lot of things; the kitchen is the area where she can retreat from Mama Elena’s demands. When she cooked quail in rose petal sauce she controlled and triggered a lot of peoples emotion. Her sister Gertrudis was the first on affected by the dish, it aroused her sexual desire. She fled naked from her burning shower and when on a horse, galloping away with a soldier. Another incident where she gained control is the Chabela wedding cake she made for her lover Pedro and Rosaura. Even though she couldn’t stop the wedding, she made everyone cry. She made people cry for her tragic experience not only the guests cried, Mama Elena cried as well. She lost control of her life but through cooking she gain control of people’s emotions. In Like Water for Chocolate, food is not just a nutrition it acts as a very important nurturing role. The ox-tail soup Dr. John gave Tita has recalled the best moments of her life and brought back memories of her and Nacha making ox-tail soup together, chopping onions. It suggests that the soup has made her feel like a baby again given that while she is still in her mom’s belly she cries very hard when onions are chopped and it suggest the impact of food to Tita.

History of Computer Animation :: Computers Animation Essays

History of Computer Animation To look at him, you would not think that Phil Tippett is the creator of some of the most horrific and terrifying monsters ever witnessed by the human race. A quite normal-looking man of average height, with thinning grey hair, he has been at the forefront of movie animation for almost three decades. Phil Tippett is one of the greatest animators of all time, starting off with the age-old techniques of stop-motion and then moving on to the technical computer generated wizardry of today. I chose to write about him because I greatly admire the work he had done in the industry and he has witnessed first hand the technological advances that have occurred during the course of his career. I am also interested in him because as well as being involved in the field of cgi special effects (a career which I also wish to pursue), he was also closely involved in the ground-breaking (for the time) special effects and animation in the Star Wars Trilogy, which happens to be another love of mine. Born in 1951 in Illinois, Tippett has had a lifelong fascination with the art of animation. During his childhood he was fascinated by films such as King Kong and Jason and the Argonauts. He was fascinated by the surreal images in these movies and wanted to know how they were achieved. He went to his local library to research the subject and discovered the principles of stop motion. One of his favourite childhood hobbies was to make stop motion films with his father’s old movie camera. Tippett had been a lifelong devotee of stop motion as practiced by masters like Willis O’Brien in King Kong (1933) and Ray Harryhausen in The 7th Voyage of Sinbad (1958) and Jason and the Argonauts (1963). Stop motion was, and still is an intricate, painstaking art in which animators pose and photograph miniature figures frame by frame. He wasn’t alone. â€Å"Just about every top animator or effects man today has favorite Harryhausen figurines, such as the part-rhino, part-centaur Cyclops, the serpent woman, and the two-headed Roc bird from Sinbad; or, from Jason, the harpies that are a cross between gargoyles and pterodactyls, and the seven-headed Hydra and its spawn† (ILM). In traditional stop motion (still practiced by Henry Selick in marvels like The Nightmare Before Christmas and James and the Giant Peach), the camera records a series of subtly different poses rather than actual shifting, so the resulting flow of images is inherently surreal -- ultra-sharp and jerky.

Contemporary management functions Essay

Contemporary management functions reflect considerations of past management theories and aim to improve and strengthen employer-employee relationships as well as providing suitable working conditions for employees. Management functions are functions which managers perform to â€Å"effectively and efficiently coordinate the work of others. (Robbins, 2012). The functions consist of planning, organising, leading and controlling. The theories discussed in the article (1981) Hawthorne, the Myth of the Docile Worker, and Class Bias in Psychology, American Psychologist, 36(8) pp. 867-878. By Bramel, D, an article written about the Hawthorne Research conducted between 1924-1933, which looked to identify the relation between various working conditions and productivity and output, highlight the need for contemporary management functions. The article addresses how integral a continuous strong and communicative relationship is between the employer and employees of a business and the necessity of a strong and ethical organizational culture. Poor executions of the leading management function can reduce trust between employers and employees and create job dissatisfaction. In regards to the rapid decrease in output in period 12, Bramel writes that Roethlisberger and Dickson (1939) stated that the â€Å"workers were afraid that should their previous performance be maintained or improved in this period, rest pauses might never again be reinstated. † (Bramel, D. 1981). This is an example of a lack of communication between employer and employee, resulting in resistance from employees. Communication is a vital part of the organising management function; communication is the transfer of understanding and meaning (Robbins, 2012). In the case study, understanding was clearly not transferred between managers and employees as despite employees being reassured this was only temporary prior to the exercise, the workers still believed that management was â€Å"really interested in how to squeeze the most out of them, rather than in making their working conditions better for them. †(Bramel, D. 1981). The lack of understanding and meaning communicated between each party led to the reduced trust ultimately resulting in lowered total output. This is well summarised by Bramel â€Å"If the workers had in fact ad the kind of trust in management’s good intentions that Mayo claims, would they have found it necessary to resist the experimenters so actively in this period? The picture we get, instead, is of a group of rather wary workers engaged in a continuing skirmish with management and determined not to be taken advantage of. Rather than become a part of the company â€Å"team,† they became a team of their own, rather coolly looking out for their own economic interests in an adversary relationship with management. â€Å" (Bramel, D. 981). Bramel highlights the trust lacking in an â€Å"adversary relationship† with the worker’s management, who work as a team outside of the organisation’s best interests. (Bramel, D. 1981). The leading management function recognises that managers must be able to explain, predict and influence employee’s behaviour for success. Managers must be able to explain why employees engage in some behaviour, predict how employees will respond to various actions of the manager, and to influence how employees behave (Robbins, 2012). Job satisfaction is an employee attitude, which refers to an employee’s general attitude towards their job; employees with high levels of job satisfaction have positive attitudes towards their jobs. People’s behaviours, attitudes and actions are closely related. In the case of the Hawthorne Study, managers were unsuccessful in predicting how employees would respond to their actions and did not positively influence employee’s behaviour through their actions. Dissatisfied employees can result in workplace misbehaviour (Robbins, 2012). s witness in the case study where employees intentionally slowed down production to spite the managers. Poor job satisfaction as a result of indisposed working conditions and a poor leading management function contributed to the fall in productivity. Weak management of employees reduces motivation and employee contentment. During period 12 of the experiment, productivity dropped significantly as a result to the removal of resting periods for the workers. Bramel writes that evidence revealed four of the five workers actually slowed down, and it was apparent that it was intentional. The workers were quite consciously adopting a strategy in-tended to induce the experimenters to return quickly to the preferred conditions† (Bramel, D. 1981). The evidence is clear that there was a direct correlation between the decrease in output and fall in motivation for the workers and the removal of rest pauses, as the output increased significantly for all five workers with the return of the rest pauses (Bramel, D. 1981). Motivation is a key part of the leading management function. It is the process by which a person’s efforts are energised, directed and sustained towards attaining a goal. (Robbins, 2012). The manager must be supportive, they must, have mutual confidence and trust, help to maintain a good income, understanding of work problems and help in doing the job, genuine interest in personal problems. (Mullins, 2005). Managers must look to continually motivate and increase performance of employees through different processes such as; rewards for performance, recognition and appraisal, showing care and concern, and using attainable goals. (Robbins, 2012). A strong organisational culture can harness and set the foundation for the four key management functions; planning, organising, leading and controlling. A strong organisational culture provides shared values that ensure that everyone in the organisation is on the same track (Robbins, 1996). Organisational culture offers a shared system of meaning, which forms the basis of communication and mutual understanding (Funrham and Gunter, 1993). Strong organisational cultures are strong in the leading management function, as employees are motivated through values they share with their colleagues. Organisational culture complements rational managerial tools by playing an indirect role in influencing behaviour (Martins and Terblanche, 2003). Hence it being important for a strong culture to plan, organise, lead and control processes with the agreement, cooperation and enthusiasm of employees, in order to avoid resistance and hostility. It can be seen through the study of several articles that contemporary management functions are integral for successful management. Via the study of the Hawthorne Study, the theories proposed have illuminated how imperative the proper conduction of the management functions are for firms. A strong organisation culture provides the framework for managers to conduct the management functions by creating and sharing the values, which the functions will encompass through the firm. Contemporary management functions must be organising and leading via successful communication, understanding and motivation to be successful.

Bilingual special education

According to Figueroa, January 1999 combination of bilingual education with special education offers an interesting example on what should not happen in educational evolution and reform. In United States there is inconsistent interface between bilingual and special education offering basis for unique form of significant dialogue between United States, Latin America and Mexico on children education that didn’t not thrive in general education programs and who later wind up in special education or remedial classrooms.The main arguments of this article are on psychological and medical underpinnings on current bilingual special education modus in Western Hemisphere that has survived its usefulness. Educational paradigms are the main focus to guide behavior of special educators in achieving learning needs of students with disabilities.Figueroa argues that, this is the time for diminution of the functions of regulations, with significance given on diagnostic and predictive evaluation , stressing on ritualized and detailed system for establishing Individualized Educational Programs with belief on power of drills, contingent reinforcement, skills and enough conditions for actuating high-order mental processes (Figueroa, 324).Figueroa, January 1999 argued that, for the underachievers a different vision and a new skepticism is required for current beliefs and practices in bilingual and special education. For bilingual and special education, educators should increase use of presentations which is recommended as â€Å"do more† principle. Increased use of tests and state-based regulatory edifices should be used. Bilingual and special education offer more interesting strategy on educational reformation.Despite the importance and strength of bilingual special education in United States, it lacks crucial components. There is no theoretical grounding that would serve in explaining and guiding bilingual special education with clear acknowledgment on the thirty year o ld literature and that questions the diagnostic, regulatory, pedagogical and structural foundations of bilingual special education (Figueroa, 326).The article, Critical pedagogy in a Bilingual Special Education Classroom by Goldstein, 1995 explains application of critical pedagogical principles in first and second grade of bilingual special class for Latino children with limited proficiency in English. Teachers of bilingual special education face difficult challenges especially in evaluating learning disabilities. Those ESL students with disabilities are deprived intervention because teachers are reluctant in categorizing them with learning disability.Teachers really struggle with question of examining ESL students and they have to understand the link between ESL students and evaluation for special education. According to Goldstein, 1995 teacher’s assessment on ESL students is wrong. Many students are miscategorized having learning disabilities because of their failure to res pond to instructions they get from teachers (Goldstein, 463). The problem is that skill-based instructions don’t work in most cases and they even result in establishment of learned learning disability.Goldstein argued that, bicultural and bilingual students have signs of learning disabilities not because they have cognitive abnormalities but because of difficulties to adjust to the dominant school culture. Teachers use innovative approach in educating bilingual students which is known as critical pedagogy based on theoretical work. This focuses more on the style of whole-language in teaching literacy. Teachers tailor their lessons on personal lives of students more so on social and economic difficulties they have experienced.She concludes that many students in ESL have no learning disabilities and they negatively respond to instructions they get from their teachers in classroom based on the dominant school culture. The strength of this article is that bilingual students can n ot be evaluated in same way as those native English speaking students. The best way of evaluated ESL students with learning disabilities is by use of wide array of evaluation approaches like standardized testing on phonological awareness with close observation on students in multiple contexts.The weakness part of it is that, this article doesn’t give full information on what should be done to the student thus more research should be done to find most cost-effective and accurate ways of evaluating ESL students. This problem is facing many schools and will continue to grow within United States in those non English Speaking populations (Goldstein, 467). The article, school-based bilingual special education teacher assistance teams by Harris, 1995 discusses establishment of school-based bilingual special education teams mainly on Hispanic school situation located in urban southwest city.Intervention and preferred screening involves identification of problems which students experi ence regularly in classroom, they identify the source of the problem either from teachers, students, environment or curriculum and finds ways of dealing with the problem in regular classroom. This eliminates unsuitable and unnecessary referrals to bilingual special education. Implementation of pre-referral intervention process in which teachers are helped in remediation of the problems should be avoided and help teacher remediate problems experienced by children in classroom.This achieved through team of teachers, other colleagues and school support personnel. Teacher Assistance Teams should be used in selecting peers to facilitate pre-referral problem solving. This team discusses problems facing students and think of any possible solution they develop plan of action which is implemented by referring teachers (Harris, 418). This team decides whether students should be referred to bilingual special education or not.To minimize cases of students being referred to bilingual special edu cation, this pre-referral procedure helps teachers in designing and implementing educational interventions which is effective in the least restrictive environment and regular classroom. For the teachers to ensure that special programs by not using special education as a dumping ground for students with limited-English-proficient it is an imperative that LEP students be thoroughly tested. In each possible formal and informal evaluation process should be applied in determining functioning level of students who are handicapped.There should be more research on development of language and acquisition of second language should be considered with research on cognitive development, neurolinguistic, psychological functioning and bilinguistic (Harris, 424). The article bilingual special education teachers shifting paradigms: complex responses to educational reform by Ruiz and Robert argues on nature and procedure of change among the five main bilingual special education teachers which are att empted in order to transform already existing instructional practices.Change process is affected by three factors namely; more special education training of teachers in teachers’ background with their strong reductionism orientation, change which involves shift in instructional practices and shift in beliefs and they don’t obvious go hand in hand and at the start of stages of collaboration change is most facilitated including practicing members of teachers’ occupational community as agents of change (Ruiz and Robert, 624).Paradigm of shift is a radical change in education system to cater for all students even those with learning disabilities. This helps in transforming people with severe disabilities academically. Programs and service systems which are more responsive to education of people with disabilities are used. Training methodologies and materials for those people with disabilities are used. Joining bilingual special education of those students with disab ilities offer an interesting example on what should not be done in terms of educational evolution and reforms.This article argues mostly on the psychological and medical reinforcement of bilingual special education with teachers shift paradigm to cater for students with learning disabilities. Education paradigm shift is used by teachers to meet needs of these students (Ruiz and Robert, 631). Works Cited Figueroa, Richard, â€Å"Special Education for Latino Students in the United States,† Bilingual Review, Vol. 24, No. 1, 324-327, January, 1999Goldstein, Barbara, â€Å"Critical pedagogy in a Bilingual Special Education Classroom,† Journal of Learning Disabilities, Vol. 28, No. 8, pp. 463-475, October, 1995 Harris, Kathleen, â€Å"School-Based Bilingual Special Education Teacher Assistance Teams,† Remedial & Special Education, Vol. 16, No. 6, pp. 419-425, November, 1995 Ruiz, Nadeen T. , and Robert Rueda, â€Å"Bilingual Special Education Teachers Shifting Paradi gms: Complex Responses To Educational Reform,† Journal of Learning Disabilities, Vol. 28, No. 10, 622-635, December, 1995

Better quality foods Essays

Better quality foods Essays Better quality foods Essay Better quality foods Essay Abstraction: Nanotechnology is one hereafter scientific discipline which is considered fruitful to about every industry. It has lead to new merchandise find with cheaper cost and has been more efficient, hence consumers get better value for their money. In the last few old ages Nanotechnology has been used in nutrient industries to bring forth better quality nutrients and in the recent old ages it has taken a large spring which is more complex and advanced to make Smart nutrients, Alteration of DNA in the seeds to bring forth better harvest, Food munition, Smart packing etc to take nutrient industry to a better place than earlier. Apart from its advantages, it has besides been reviewed by assorted critics that usage of Nanotechnology in nutrient materials is non safe for the consumers, but some consider it to be the following coevals nutrient safety tool. To understand what impact and effects would Nanotechnology hold in Food industry, the cardinal facet would be briefing of Nanotechnology and Nanoscience, appraisal of Potential deductions in utilizing Nanotechnology in nutrient and looking at the assorted statute laws linked to it. My work is to analyse this state of affairs and compare some of the diaries and research documents holding positive or negative points against usage of Nanotechnology in nutrient industry. I would besides affect few instance surveies which will assist explicate the scenario better giving a more precise reappraisal on this argument. Chapter 2 Literature reappraisal Introduction to Food safety: Food and H2O are the basicss of a human being. Every portion of the universe has its ain characterized nutrient with distinguishable gustatory sensations. But there is merely one major concern in common which people from all over the Earth have in common, Safety. Food safety has now been considered the foremost and really of import portion in all of the nutrient industries around the Earth. Many different and assortment of techniques have been developed upon to assist nutrient safety go to a higher degree, while many of them turned out to be failures. Scientists now have discovered a particular, dependable, existent clip, and most significantly more economic technique to look into the safety of the nutrients in production. This is by agencies of engineering called Nanotechnology. Every life being is a corporate affair of nanoscale objects in signifier of atoms and molecules. Nanoparticles are those which have a size of one ten percent of human hair i.e. atoms runing within 1 to 100 n anometers. Nanotechnology is classified into two in footings of the size of the atoms, Fine particles which has a size scope of 100 2500 nanometer and Ultrafine atoms which is from 1 100 nanometer. It is rather absorbing how the size, Numberss, location, concentration and few other factors of the nanoscale atoms control the whole system. Most protein and polysaccharide have nanoscale sizes but these are of course happening nanoparticles ( National Nanotechnology Initiative, 2006 ) . It is scientifically shown that if a larger atom is broken down unnaturally into nanoscale size, the natural belongingss of the atom is lost and the atom behaves as a toxic component. Hence when nanotechnology is used in any application particularly when affecting it in the nutrient system or nutrient concatenation ; it is to be taken into consideration that the hazard affecting is far-reaching and terrible. Normally nutrient safety is considered to be the most hard and expensive portion for the Food Industries as the machineries and the equipment needed for them is really expensive with moderate dependability and high cost of care. Hence most of the little graduated table nutrient industries tend to extinguish the nutrient safety instruments and normally have merely ocular review of the nutrients which is non reliable. And for the inexpensive pricing from these industries, people ( Consumers ) buy the nutrients and devour them and have high hazard of acquiring diseased. But now as engineering has improved, there is a new manner to hold the safety of nutrients in control and that is non with expensive machineries but merely with simple techniques with Nanotechnology. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ( FAO ) and the World Health Organization ( WHO ) have recognized a demand for scientific advice on any nutrient safety deductions that arise from the use of Nanote chnology techniques in the nutrient and agribusiness sectors through its skyline scanning activities. All nutrient Industries operate in a complex proficient and commercial environment and to be successful each nutrient concern should posses the cognition and accomplishment to look into them at the lead or at least be in the competition. And one of the best ways to acquire the repute is to acquire good ranked among the clients. And to make that the merchandise they deliver should be of high quality and which is all about the nutrient safety. Food safety has become one of the most of import sections in a nutrient industry and even consumers buy nutrients which are safer, instead than the gustatory sensation. Hence a big importance in the Industry should be directed towards the safety for the nutrient. In olden times the nutrient was tested for their safety by a method called End merchandise testing, which involves a sampling of the merchandise and so proving it. But it was non to the full fulfilling as safety was dependent on the trying entirely. In 1960s The Pillsbury Company along w ith the National Aeronautical and Space Administration ( NASA ) and the USA Army laboratories formed a construct called the HACCP. HACCP stands for Hazard Analysis and Critical Control point System. It was based on failure, manner and consequence analysis, which looks on the procedure and place the things could perchance travel incorrect and put consequence to rectify it. As a consequence there would be safe manner of bring forthing nutrients. This was in fact developed for the Astronauts to guarantee safe nutrients and minimise the hazard of nutrient poisoning eruption in infinite. Hazards, as called in nutrient industries are explained as agent which has a inclination to do inauspicious wellness effects to the consumer. They are of three types which are Physical, Chemical and Biological. Physical jeopardy is when the nutrient contains unwanted physical presence of agents like spots of knife, nails, piece of paper etc at any phase of the nutrient procedure rhythm from natural stuffs to the packaging. A good illustration for this would be the presence of a nut which has fallen off in the nutrient merchandise from the machinery which it processes and non good maintained. These may even do serious harm to the consumer. The ground for this could be hapless care of the machineries and instruments used or staffs non trained decently on safety steps. The Chemical jeopardy is explained as an unwanted alteration in the nutrient merchandises chemically. Here for illustration pasteurisation of milk is to extinguish the hazards of the micro organisms nowadays in the natura l milk, if the milk is non pasteurized so there is a chemical jeopardy. These are normally caused by improper accommodation of the temperature, Ph etc. Biological jeopardy is the hazard of doing wellness effects to the consumer through the infective micro being nowadays in nutrients and are considered to be one of the chief dangers. Infective micro-organisms exert their consequence straight through turning in or polluting nutrient merchandises and being ingested ( Food borne infection ) or doing nutrient toxic condition. In both instances the unwellness possibly serious, even fatal. Good illustration for this is the Bacillus Cereus which forms heat immune spores that can merely be eliminated by terrible heat intervention. Food Intoxication is caused by the exposure of nutrient materials to the micro-organisms or toxins produced by them. Cases of poisoning could be either Bacterial poisoning or Non Bacterial poisoning. The former occurs when micro beings like bacteria or their ain toxin gets absorbed with the nutrient which on devouring causes nutrient Intoxication. The ulterior type is caused by harmful chemicals like fertilisers, insect powders etc. A few other types of Bacterial poisonings are Salmonella nutrient poisoning, Botulism, Staphylococcal nutrient poisoning, Clostridium nutrient poisoning and Bacillus Cereuss. Salmonella nutrient poisoning This is caused by signifiers of Salmonella bacteria viz. Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella cholera suits, and Gartner s B. These are normally found in milk, milk merchandises and eggs. The symptoms of this poisoning are Diarrhoea, illness, etc. Botulism This is one of the rare but serious instances of poisoning caused by Botulinum toxin which is produced by bacteria Clostridium botulinus. The symptom starts from palsy taking to respiratory failure. Antitoxins have proven really successful in handling the status. This type of poisoning is non contagious and does non distribute through individual to individual contact ( NHS, 2008 ) . Staphylococcal nutrient Poisoning This is caused by the consumption of nutrient merchandise incorporating Staphylococcal Enterotoxin. The symptoms are violent onset with terrible sickness, spasms, purging and collapse. It is accompanied by lower blood force per unit area and diarrhea. Cases of decease are rare but hospitalization is needed ( Manitoba heath, Nov 2001 ) . Legislations affecting Food safety: In the Europe, the European Union ( EU ) makes statute laws and many of which are compulsory for the member provinces and hence incorporated into each single states national statute law. As a big administration it helps in taking barriers to merchandise between member provinces and into which single member provinces merely have a minimum influence and the consequence being a related non biased one size tantrums all system ( Wikipedia ) . The EU nutrient scheme has three chief classs which are statute law on the safety of the nutrient and animate being provender ; sound scientific advice on which to establish determinations ; and enforcement and control. The statute law is covers a big country from carnal provender boulder clay widening to nutrient hygiene. This is applied all across Europe in high criterions. The general regulations for all nutrient and provender are given with particular step where client satisfaction is justified as in usage in addendums, nutrient addendums, colo rings, pesticides or endocrines. The regulation is besides applied to stuffs that get in contact with nutrient like plastic wadding. The standard EU labelling will guarantee if the merchandise has an allergic ingredient and to cognize the footings like high fibers or low fat and what they mean ( European communities, 2009 ) . In United Kingdom the nutrient criterion bureau is the organic structure responsible for the safety policy and statute law. They enforce these statute laws with the aid of Food governments which are the local governments, imports, port wellness governments. The control of nutrient is governed by condemnable jurisprudence with the chief primary statute law in signifier of Food safety act of 1990. There is a group of subsidiaries which implement European Union ordinances, Contaminants bound, restricting usage of additives, labelling demand, and other nutrient quality related and genuineness. The nutrient governments inspect the premiss supplemented by trying of nutrient and they analyse it by public analysts and nutrient testers. Introduction to Nanotechnology Nanotechnology is defined as the survey and usage of constructions between 1 nanometre and 100 nanometres in size Devicess with minimal characteristic sizes less than 100 nanometres ( nanometer ) are considered to be merchandises of nanotechnology ( National Nanotechnology Initiative, 2006 ) . A nanometre is one billionth of a metre ( 10-9 m ) and is the unit of length that is by and large most appropriate for depicting the size of individual molecules ( University Malaysia Perlis, 2005 ) . The Nano-scale Markss the cloudy boundary between the classical and quantum mechanical universes ; therefore, realisation of nanotechnology promises to convey radical capablenesss. Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of affair at dimensions of approximately 1 to 100 nanometres, where alone phenomena enable novel applications. Embracing Nano-scale scientific discipline, technology and engineering, nanotechnology involves imaging ; measurement, patterning and pull stringsing affair at this length graduated table ( National Nanotechnology Initiative, 2006 ) . Nanotechnology is non one engineering, but many. The UK Royal society and Royal academy of Engineering entitled its 2004 study Nano-science and Nanotechnologies: Opportunities and uncertainnesss to stress the scope of engineerings in drama. It defines Nano-science as the The survey of phenomena and use of stuffs at atomic, molecular and macromolecular graduated tables, where belongingss differ significantly from those at a larger graduated table ( The Royal Society and the Royal Academy of Engineering, 2004 ) . Most of the states are presently researching Nanotechnology on assorted Fieldss like Pharmaceutical Industries, Petroleum Industries, Electronic Industries, and Automobile Industry etc. In 2001, Japan spent US $ 400m researching on this country and US $ 960m in 2004. In USA, $ 750m was funded for Nanotechnology in 2003 and from 2005-2008 about $ 3.7bn was spent. In Europe, support for the Research an d development is around ˆ1bn. between the old ages 2003-2009, In UK the DTI enterprise on Nanotechnology offered A ; lb ; 45m to back up applications used in commercial countries ( Antje grobe et Al, 2008 ) . Nanomaterials have different types of classification to be applied in nutrient industry. It can be classified as: Nanoparticles Nanofibres Nanoemulsions, and Nanoclays. Nanoparticles can be divided into two on the footing on their behavior as Organic and Inorganic. Nano-particles are used in encapsulation systems as they have the ability to transport ingredients. Some of the illustrations are micelles, liposomes, for bringing of nutrient ingredient, biosensor and disinfectants. Inorganic nano-particles Some of these inorganic nanoparticles have been approved to be used in the nutrient industry. Such as Titanium dioxide, which is a nutrient colorant is used as UV protection barrier in nutrient packaging. This happens when Ti dioxide is used in nano signifier ; it besides loses its ability as a nutrient colorant as it becomes crystalline as a Nanoparticle. The usage of nanoparticles of Ag is the most normally used application as an antimicrobic agent which is used in electric refrigerator panels, storage boxes, surfaces which come in contact with nutrient stuffs in nutrient industry therefore increasing safety of the nutrient ( Food safety authorization of Ireland, 2008 ) . Organic nano-particles These are referred to as nanocapsules sometimes as it is used as vehicle for alimentary compounds or Pharmaceutical molecules. These aid present the foods without impacting the gustatory sensation or visual aspect. These encapsulate the atoms which are needed to be delivered and they pass through the GI piece of land and so into the blood stream. This enables to increase their bioavailability ( Food safety authorization of Ireland, 2008 ) . Nano-emulsions These are emulsions which have no difference to normal emulsion except for their stable thermo dynamical belongings. Due to their little size they can be diluted in H2O without altering the droplet size distribution. Some of their applications are bringing of active compounds in the organic structure, stabilisation of biological active ingredients, extension of shelf life due to increase in stableness and increased viscousness at lower concentrations of oil stage ( Food safety authorization of Ireland, 2008 ) . Nanometrology Without dependable methods of measuring, it is impossible to find human or carnal exposure via nutrient or provender. Of specific importance therefore in relation to the nutrient and provender sector and to any possible regulative model is the finding of the physiochemical belongingss of nanoparticles and their measuring in nutrient. Such belongingss include: Atom size Particle distribution Surface country Surface charge and topography Composition and pureness Hydrophobicity and solubility Chemical responsiveness and bioactivity Dispersion/aggregation province. Particularly of import among these belongingss are particle size and distribution, surface country and collection province. Normally, nanoparticle samples contain a scope of atoms, both larger and smaller than the mean or average value, which is frequently the figure really quoted as the atom size. As the atom size lessenings, more molecules are present at the surface giving rise to a larger surface to volume ratio or larger surface country for chemical interaction ( Food Safety Authority of Ireland, 2008 ) . Word picture of Nanoparticles in Biological Matrixs In sing the word picture of nanoparticles in a biological environment, both the consequence of this environment on the nanoparticles and conversely, the consequence of the nanoparticles on the environment must be explored. Engineered nanoparticles, with their really big surface countries, adsorb bio molecules to their surface instantly upon contact with natural substances to organize a bio molecule aureole ( Lynch, 2006 ; Lynch, 2007 ) . These bio molecules include proteins, lipoids and sugars, and it is these adsorbed bio molecules that confer the biological individuality of the nanoparticles, and find how they interact with life systems. Many of the biophysical and biological techniques available to find protein conformation and activity can be applied to the word picture of the nanoparticle bio molecule composite ( Lynch, 2006 ) . A list of techniques presently being used many of which could be applied to/by the Agri-food sector. The surface assimilation of bio molecules to the s urface of engineered nanoparticles can impact their stableness and scattering, and it is of import to besides characterize the scattering belongingss of nanoparticles in the relevant biological environment, e.g. in nutrient. Many of the techniques listed in Appendix II can be applied to the word picture of the scattering stableness of the nanoparticle bio molecule composite ( Food Safety Authority of Ireland, 2008 ) . An extra facet of the surface assimilation of bio molecules to the surface of nanoparticles is the consequence on the conformation of proteins such as enzymes, and besides on their map, stableness, activity and collection province, among other belongingss. There are a figure of illustrations of enhanced enzyme stableness and map following surface assimilation to nanoparticles, for illustration, the life-time of the enzymes Trypsin and Peroxidase was shown to increase dramatically, from a few hours to hebdomads, by attaching them to magnetic Fe nanoparticles ( Sharma, 2007 ) . This ability to heighten protein stableness by interfacing them with nanomaterials may impact legion biological procedures such as digestion, metamorphosis and alimentary consumption. Measurements of enzymatic activity in the presence of nanoparticles should be studied as a precedence ( Food Safety Authority of Ireland, 2008 ) . Measurement of Nanoparticles in Food and other Biological Matrixs The predating paragraphs have shown that a broad scope of physical and chemical techniques are available to characterize nanoparticles, both in the as-synthesised signifier and as nanoparticle bio molecule composites such as would happen in nutrient matrices and upon consumption. While these techniques may be applied to transport out measurings of nanoparticles in the pure signifier, the measuring and quantitation of nanoparticles in nutrient, biological tissues and other biological matrices nowadayss considerable challenges, since suited equipment and measuring schemes are non yet available ( SCENHIR, 2006, 2007 ) . Many nutrient merchandises besides contain considerable sums of of course happening nanoparticles, such as proteins, silicon oxide or hints of Ti dioxide, which makes sensing of added nanoparticles hard, as it regulations out techniques such as elemental function where there are already important background degrees. Techniques such as elemental function can merely be app lied to nanoparticles such as gold and Ag, which are non of course present in nutrients or nutrient packaging stuffs. Measurement of atom mass of nanoparticles in the pristine signifier ( as synthesised ) , is comparatively straightforward, while measuring of the surface country of a given mass of nanoparticles is more hard, as many of the current techniques do non separate to the full between porousness and surface country, e.g. nitrogen surface assimilation. An extra complication is, as already discussed, the really ready collection of nanoparticles that occurs in biological media, ensuing in larger atoms, or even a gradual addition with size as a map of clip. Such collection makes it about impossible to mensurate either atom figure or surface country in biological matrices. These proficient troubles in the measuring of nanoparticles make it correspondingly hard to mensurate the existent exposure in in vitro and in vivo toxicological surveies or in open worlds for hazard appraisal intents ( Food Safety Authority of Ireland, 2008 ) . Problems Associated with Measurement and Characterisation of Nanoparticles The word picture of nanoparticles requires considerable attention and there are many troubles and uncertainnesss, in peculiar with regard to particle collection, size, pureness, and batch fluctuations. The word picture is farther complicated by the incorporation of nanoparticles into biological matrices. This alters their belongingss and requires farther word picture beyond that of the pristine nanoparticle. The surface assimilation of bio molecules to nanoparticle surfaces may hold peculiar effects for nanoparticles in nutrient. For illustration, absorbed enzymes may hold enhanced or reduced activity, ensuing in altered efficiency of digestion and altered nutritionary value of nutrients. It is peculiarly of import to separate between nanoparticles and nanoparticulate sums. Nanoparticles that have been dried during the synthesis procedure are typically irreversibly aggregated, and as such have dimensions on the micrometer graduated table. If the nanoparticles remain in suspension, up on contact with biological fluids, their surface belongingss may be altered by surface assimilation of proteins and other bio molecules, ensuing in altered stableness and collection. Nanoparticles need to be characterised under the conditions in which they will be utilised. While many methods exist to characterize as-synthesised nanoparticles, such as negatron microscopy and dispersing methods, new methodological analysiss are required desperately to characterize nanoparticles in situ in nutrient matrices and nutrient contact stuffs. At present, it is non possible to separate between background degrees of nanoparticles and intentionally added nanoparticles such as silicon oxide dioxide and Ti dioxide. Nevertheless, the nanometrology country is quickly developing, with a conjunct attempt to develop criterions and standard processs for the word picture of nanoparticles and nanoparticle-based systems ( Food Safety Authority of Ireland, 2008 ) . Chapter 3 Nanotechnology from farm to fork The term nanofood describes nutrient which has been cultivated, produced, processed or packaged utilizing nanotechnology techniques or tools, or to which manufactured nanomaterials have been added ( Joseph and Morrison, 2006 ) . So far we have been discoursing about Food safety its importance, Nanotechnology, its aid to nutrient industry and besides came across few instance surveies along with its working. To assist give a clear cut thought about the pros and cons in application of Nanotechnology in nutrients, it is necessary to travel through the farm to fork and this is the portion where we introduce nanotechnology into the nutrient concatenation. The four key countries in nutrient and agricultural industry where Nanotechnology is used on nutrients are: Alteration of seeds, custom-making fertilisers and provenders. Alteration of nutrients. Smart nutrient . Smart boxing . Alteration of seeds, custom-making fertilisers and provenders Nanotechnology combined with familial technology helped agriculture move to a whole new gait which is called as Atomic technology. Atomic technology allows changing or rearranging the Deoxyribonucleic acid of seeds and bring forthing different works belongingss like growing season, coloring material, plague resistant, etc. This widely helps the agricultural workers to bring forth better harvest without worrying about the season or any physical factors that influences growing of the works. The atomic technology besides helps in bring forthing extremely powerful fertilisers and provenders which will slake the thirst of different farms which are of course lacking in minerals which promotes works growing. Alteration of nutrients Certain companies are working on to make bastioned processed nutrients with nano-encapsulation for foods bringing. Taste developers by nano-developed colorss, adjusting of fat and sugar degrees and besides improved mouth feel . This system is besides believed to assist nutritionary claims to a certain degree. For illustration the inclusion of medically good nano-capsules will shortly enable cocoa bit cookies to be marketed as wellness promoting or arteria cleaning. Nanotechnology will besides enable debris nutrients to cut down the sum of sugar or fat content. This could either be done by replacing the fats and sugars with other substance or forestall the organic structure absorbing them ( Georgia Miller, 2008 ) . Smart nutrient Nanotechnology is now used in planing smart nutrients by some extremely graded companies like Kraft and Nestle. These techniques will enable the consumer to personalise their nutrient by altering its coloring material, spirit or foods on demand. Kraft is developing a clear tasteless drink that contains 100s of spirits with the aid of nano encapsulation. A domestic microwave can trip release of the coloring material, spirit, concentration and texture of the person s pick. Smart nutrients can besides feel any nutrient ingredients which could be allergic to the person and so it blocks them. These nutrients besides contain an extra dosage of foods which identifies any particular dietetic demands for the person. For illustration, Ca molecules for people who suffer from osteoporosis ( Georgia Miller, 2008 ) . Smart packing is another find utilizing nanotechnology that will increase nutrient shelf life. Mars Inc. has obtained a patent on unseeable comestible nano negligee which will envelop the nutrient thereby forestalling gas and wet exchange. New developments are being researched in this country like detectors that could place nutrient spoilage and nano anti bugs that could widen shelf life. Besides this system can be used in tracking down nutrients materials by puting nano detectors which are unseeable to human oculus within them and this would besides move as electronic saloon codification so the nutrient could be tracked from the farm to mill to supermarket and beyond. Nanotechnology in Food packaging There are many types of packaging used with the aid of Nanotechnology. A thin movie called Durethan is produced by Chemical elephantine aspirin incorporating Nanoparticles of clay. This thin movie is tough, light and heat resistant. This movie can move as a roadblock for the O and C dioxide to the fresh meat or other nutrient merchandises ( ETC group study, 2004 ) . Another interesting research is done by research workers from Netherland and it is an intelligent packaging in which the bundle releases preservatives when a nutrient within is about to botch ( ETC group study, 2004 ) . Bio-nanocomposites are intercrossed nano-structured stuffs with improved mechanical, thermic and gas barrier belongingss. The usage of bio-nanocomposites for nutrient packaging non merely protects the nutrient and increases its shelf life but besides be considered a more environmentally plastics as packaging stuffs. Most of the traditional packaging stuffs are made from non-degradable stuffs, which increas e environment pollution in add-on to devouring fossil fuels for their production. However, current alternate biodegradable movies exhibit hapless barrier and mechanical belongingss and these belongingss need to be improved well before they could replace traditional plastics and therefore assist to pull off the universe s waste job. Biodegradability of a packaging stuff can be enhanced with the debut of inorganic atoms, such as clay, into the biopolymeric matrix and can besides be controlled with wetting agents that are used for the alteration of superimposed silicate. The used of inorganic atoms besides makes it possible to present multiple functionalities, which might assist to better the bringing of delicate micronutrients within comestible capsules ( Sozer et al. , 2009 ) . Another attack to better the belongingss of biodegradable movies is the usage of intercrossed organic-inorganic systems and, in peculiar, those incorporating superimposed silicates. Hybrid complexs, such as superimposed silicates embedded in a polymeric matrix, better stableness and their biodegradability can be all right tuned by changing the sum of dissolvers used, which might further spread out the possible utilizations of comestible and biodegradable movies ( Sozer et al. , 2009 ) . Zein, a prolamin and the major constituent of maize protein, has been an of import in scientific discipline and industry owing to its alone belongingss and molecular construction. By fade outing zein, either in ethyl alcohol or in propanone, biodegradable zein movies with good tensile and H2O barrier belongingss can be obtained. Nanotechnology attacks are expected in to give new applications for zein in forte nutrients and in the biodegradable plastics industry. Zein can organize a net consisting of c annular constructions, which can be microbiologically immune and inert, for illustration, after intervention with methanal. However, zein nanobeads or nanoparticles can be used as comestible bearers for flavour compounds or for encapsulation of nutraceuticals, every bit good as to better the strength of plastic and bioactive nutrient bundles. Controling the uniformity and organisation of zein movies at the nanolevel are important in footings of mechanical and tensile belongingss. In an effort to command the surface morphology of zein movies, Shi et Al. tested different dissolvers and found that movies generated in acetic acid were smoother and structurally more homogeneous than movies obtained from ethyl alcohol as a dissolver ( Sozer et al. , 2009 ) . One possibility to increase the barrier belongingss of zein polymer is intervention with stable silicate composites like montmorillonite, hectorite and saponite. These thrombocyte like structured silicate composites disperse in polymer matrixes and are hence able to better their strength, stiffness and H2O and gas permeableness even at low degrees of 1-5 vol % . Silicates consist of crystalline beds with 1nm in thickness and a diameter scope of 30-2000 nanometers. The silicate beds in nanocomposites are able to command the diffusion rate through their agonizing tract. They can aggregate within the matrix in three different signifiers, as phase-separated, intercalated or exfoliated nanocomposites. Exfoliated nanocomposites have the greatest ability to better the tensile strength of the movie in which they are incorporated. Nanoscale fillers normally consist of nanofibers, nano-whiskers or nanotubes but can besides be made out of solid-layered silicate constructi