Simple Web Page Hit Counter Code Using PHP and MySQL

Simple Web Page Hit Counter Code Using PHP and MySQL Website stats provide important information to a website owner about how the site is doing and how many people visit. A hit counter counts and displays how many people visit  a webpage. The code for a counter varies depending on the programming language used and the amount of information you want the counter to collect. If you, like many website owners, use PHP and MySQL with your website, you can generate a simple hit counter for your webpage using PHP and MySQL. The counter stores the hit totals in a MySQL database. The Code To get started, create a table to hold the counter statistics. Do that by  executing this code: CREATE TABLE counter ( counter INT( 20 ) NOT NULL );INSERT INTO counter VALUES (0); The code creates a database  table named  counter with a single field also called counter, which stores the number of hits the site receives. It is set to start at 1, and the count increases by one each time the file is called. Then the new number  is displayed. This process is accomplished with this PHP code: ?php// Connects to your Database mysql_connect(your.hostaddress.com, username, password) or die(mysql_error()); mysql_select_db(Database_Name) or die(mysql_error());//Adds one to the countermysql_query(UPDATE counter SET counter counter 1);//Retrieves the current count$count mysql_fetch_row(mysql_query(SELECT counter FROM counter));//Displays the count on your siteprint $count[0]; ? This simple hit counter doesnt give the website owner valuable information such as whether the visitor is a repeat visitor or a first-time visitor, the location of the visitor, which page was visited, or how much time the visitor spent on the page. For that, a more sophisticated analytics program is necessary. Counter Code Tips Wanting to know the number of people who visit your site makes sense. When you are comfortable with the simple counter code,  you can personalize the code in several ways to work better with your website and gather the information you seek. Customize the database, table, and code to include other informationHold the counter in a separate file and retrieve it using include ()Format the counter text using regular HTML around the include functionCreate different rows on the counter table for additional pages on your website

Cómo saber si un migrante está detenido por la migra

Cà ³mo saber si un migrante est detenido por la migra Para saber si un inmigrante est detenido por Inmigracià ³n en Estados Unidos hay que partir del hecho de que no hay listados de detenidos, sin embargo se puede seguir una estrategia buscar y encontrar los nombres de los migrantes en custodia y en quà © prisià ³n estn. En este artà ­culo se explica cà ³mo funciona la base de datos del ICE, la agencia del gobierno encargada de detener a migrantes y que sirve para confirmar si la persona que se busca est detenida y, en caso afirmativo, dà ³nde. Asimismo, se informa sobre quà © hacer cuando el nombre de la persona que se busca no aparece y cuando es necesario contratar a un abogado. Finalmente, se hace una referencia al tiempo que un migrante puede permanecer detenido, a las condiciones de los centros de detencià ³n y cà ³mo buscar a un detenido en una prisià ³n federal o local por un asunto diferente a migracià ³n. Cà ³mo saber si un inmigrante se encuentra detenido por la migra ICE mantiene una base de datos donde puede se puede buscar a las personas que se sospecha han sido detenidas por inmigracià ³n. Puede elegirse el idioma en la parte superior derecha donde pone select a language y con la flechita escoger espaà ±ol, si asà ­ se desea. Es una pgina segura de utilizar donde aplican unos criterios fuertes de confidencialidad. Es decir, a la persona que busca no se le pide ningà ºn dato ni que se identifique o registre de ninguna manera ni tampoco se guarda informacià ³n sobre computadora o IP desde la que se realiza la bà ºsqueda. Clases de bà ºsqueda en base de datos demigrantes detenidos Puede realizarse dos clases de bà ºsqueda. La primera es la conocida como por nà ºmero de extranjero (A-Number)  que es un nà ºmero que tienen tanto los residentes permanentes legales (RPL) como todo migrante que ha tenido contacto con migracià ³n, ya que es el nà ºmero con el que se le identifica. Por ejemplo, es un nà ºmero que aparece tambià ©n en los permisos de trabajo conocidos por sus siglas en inglà ©s de EAD. La segunda bà ºsqueda est reservada para todos los dems inmigrantes, es decir, cuando no tienen ese nà ºmero o no se sabe  y se conoce como  bà ºsqueda  por informacià ³n biogrfica. En estos casos es necesario el nombre, apellido y paà ­s de nacimiento de la persona que se desea encontrar. Tambià ©n ayuda conocer su fecha exacta de nacimiento, aunque à ©ste es un dato que no es necesario. Sà ­ puede ser muy conveniente porque hay nombres y apellidos muy comunes, como por ejemplo Juan Garcà ­a o Josà © Rodrà ­guez, y pueden aparecer varias personas con el mismo nombre, y no ser ninguna la que se busca. No se puede encontrar en este sistema a la persona que han dado un nombre falso, a menos que quien la busca sepa cul es. Si aparece el nombre de la persona que se busca, se sabr donde est detenida. Buscar la pgina de internet del centro e informarse sobre las reglas para recibir llamadas, llamarla o enviarle dinero o cosas y seguir las instrucciones. Personas que no estn incluidas en la base de datos del ICE De los siguientes detenidos no se encuentra informacià ³n: 1.  Menores de 18 aà ±os. 2.  Inmigrantes que han sido puestos en libertad hace ms de 60 dà ­as. En este caso estn incluidas las personas que pueden haber sido deportadas o han salido del paà ­s voluntariamente. Tener en cuenta que las personas recià ©n detenidas pueden demorarse unos dà ­as en aparecer en el sistema. Adems las personas que utilizan nombres falsos aparece con estos, por lo que es necesario conocerlos. Por à ºltimo es posible que los apellidos o el nombre està ©n mal deletreados. Es recomendable en estos casos intentar varias opciones a la hora de escribir un nombre, si con la forma correcta no aparece el que se busca. Cà ³mo obtener de ERO informacià ³n sobre migrantes detenidos Si un migrante del que se sospecha que est detenido no aparece en la base de datos del ICE se puede checar con el oficial de migracià ³n del ERO. Cabe destacar que solamente la familia de un inmigrante detenido o sus representantes legales pueden tener acceso a esa informacià ³n. Para ello deben dirigirse a la oficina del ICE encargada de Ejecucià ³n Legal y Operaciones de Expulsià ³n (ERO, por sus siglas en inglà ©s), que es la responsable de ese caso inmigratorio. Si no sabe exactamente quà © oficina lleva el asunto, puede contactar con la que crea que ha podido iniciar el caso, por ejemplo, la que corresponda a su lugar de domicilio, si es que vivà ­a en Estados Unidos. Si se trata de un inmigrante que acaba de cruzar ilegalmente la frontera, ponerse en contacto con la oficina que corresponda al lugar por donde se crea que se ha hecho el cruce. Adems, los mexicanos tanto en Estados Unidos como en Mà ©xico, pueden marcar al telà ©fono del CIAM, donde brindan informacià ³n para encontrar personas en ms bases de datos y otro tipo de ayuda, como informacià ³n para enviar dinero a un detenido o avisos a familiares de personas en prisià ³n. Este es el telà ©fono y cà ³mo marcar y a quà © horas. Cundo es necesario un abogado para encontrar a una persona detenida por la migra Si un migrante del que se cree que est detenido por Inmigracià ³n no aparece en la base de datos del ICE y/o el oficial migratorio del ERO a cargo de un detenido se niega a dar informacià ³n de dà ³nde est, la solucià ³n es contratar a un abogado migratorio de buena reputacià ³n, que est habilitado para realizar la bà ºsqueda. Adems, un abogado puede ser siempre la mejor opcià ³n para solicitar que se fije una fianza para que el migrante està © libre mientras resuelven su caso o para decidir cul es la mejor estrategia legal. Frecuentemente los migrantes detenidos aceptan un arreglo de salida voluntaria pensando que es lo mejor, pero podrà ­an tener opciones realistas para otros alivios migratorios como por ejemplo un TPS, DACA para muchachos que llegaron a EE.UU. siendo nià ±os, asilo o cancelacià ³n de la remocià ³n. Cà ³mo visitar a una persona detenida por la migra Si al buscar en esta pgina web a un inmigrante encuentra que est â€Å"bajo custodia†, entonces selecciones â€Å"actual centro de detencià ³n†, donde se le dir dà ³nde est y quà © debe hacer para visitarlo, si asà ­ lo desea. Se recomienda que antes de emprender el viaje contacte directamente con el centro y confirme que la persona sigue allà ­ detenida. Hay que subrayar que para realizar la visita se necesita tener un ID con fotografà ­a emitido por una agencia del gobierno. Es muy recomendable que solo vayan de visita a una crcel las personas que se encuentran legalmente en Estados Unidos, como por ejemplo los ciudadanos americanos, los residentes permanentes, o las personas con una visa en regla. Adems, se puede consultar el artà ­culo sobre informacià ³n especà ­fica de cà ³mo marcar, visitar, enviar dinero y averiguar sobre fianza para los casos de migrantes en los centros de detencià ³n de Texas. Cà ³mo saber el estatus de un caso en Corte migratoria Si el asunto corresponde a un Tribunal de Inmigracià ³n se puede llamar al 1-800-898-7180. Si ya se ha recurrido y est ante la Junta de Apelaciones de Inmigracià ³n (BIA, por sus siglas en inglà ©s), se puede llamar al (703) 605-1007. Cunto tiempo tiempo puede estar un migrante detenido Depende principalmente del caso de cada uno pero incluso entran en juego otros factores como cun llenas està ©n las prisiones pero puede variar desde unos dà ­as a semanas, meses e incluso, aà ±os. En la actualidad se est aplicando la polà ­tica de tolerancia cero en la frontera, lo cual ha alargado el tiempo que los migrantes pasan detenidos. Cà ³mo son las prisiones migratorias No es posible establecer una unificacià ³n de caracterà ­sticas de las ms de 200 prisiones en las que estn encerrados los migrantes por violaciones migratorias porque varà ­an segà ºn tamaà ±o y tambià ©n segà ºn quià ©n las gestione. Algunas son de ICE, otras son rentadas a condados o ciudades locales y otras son administradas por empresas privadas. En la actualidad, ms del 60% de migrantes detenidos estn en prisiones privadas, lo cual le cuesta al gobierno federal $149,58 por inmigrante al dà ­a. Finalmente, destacar que un migrante puede ser trasladado de una prisià ³n a otra sin aviso previo, incluso puede ser enviado a un estado muy lejano de donde residà ­a o de donde fue agarrado por la migra. Cà ³mo buscar migrantes en prisiones no migratorias Si se cree que un familiar est detenido pero no aparece en la base de datos de Inmigracià ³n es posible hacer una bà ºsqueda en internet para saber si una persona est detenida en alguna de las prisiones federales  que no tienen que ver con asuntos migratorios. En estos casos hay que saber como mà ­nimo el nombre y el apellido del inmigrante que se busca. Tambià ©n es posible que està ©n en un centro que depende de un condado u otra autoridad local. Si tampoco asà ­ se le encuentra, es posible utilizar un conjunto de bases de datos y estrategias de bà ºsquedas en internet con el fin de dar con la persona que se busca. Por à ºltimo, cabe destacar que cuando una autoridad estatal o local arresta a un migrante, es posible que Inmigracià ³n coloque un hold que, de ejecutarse, llevarà ­a al migrante a cumplir la primera detencià ³n y al finalizarla, serà ­a entregado a la migra. Puntos clave para encontrar a un detenido por la migra Buscar primero en la base de datos de ICE de migrantes detenidosSi no aparece, contactar con EROLos abogados migratorios pueden encontrar esa informacià ³nLos detenidos pueden recibir y hacer llamadas y recibir dinero, paquetes y visitas Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

A reaction to 3 articles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

A reaction to 3 articles - Essay Example What he seems to be categorical however is that despite Japan’s intransigence about foreign workers, they have to move with urgency and resolve legal hurdles deterring foreign workers coming to Japan as Japan is staring at a crisis soon to come of lack of workers in vital sectors as the Japanese population declines and becomes aged. At the beginning of the article, Chico says that for Japan to continue maintaining economic relevance in the next decades, it will â€Å"depend on its ability to-and its willingness-to grow by seeking outside help.†He cites the case of foreign nurses and the odds they face-they must pass a test that â€Å"almost no foreigner passes.† He explains that Japan has â€Å"deep misgivings about immigration and has tightly controlled the ability of foreigners to live and work† in Japan. He explains that with her declining population, the government will have but, to source foreign workers. The government is taking steps towards loosening of grip on immigration and in fact, it hopes to double the number of highly skilled foreign workers within a decade. He nonetheless observes that Japan is on course to have three workers for every two retirees by 2060.Noting that Japan has a program to that effect-the economic partnership program- with Indonesia and Philipines,he howeve r observes that the program has a flaw. Throughout the article, he shows that Japan has a need for skilled labour but it is stuck with restrictive rules like on language. He indicates that a language test with a pass rate of less than 1 percent will always be criticized.

Human resource management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 7

Human resource management - Essay Example Hofstede studied the attitudes and working values of more than 116,000 IBM employees working in over 40 countries. Using factor analysis of gathered data, Hofstede shows that there are five dimensions that could not be described with other factors. Based on his results, he argues that national culture has an effect on attitudes and values related to workers or employees. Every country chooses a specific management system; however, it cannot reflect the priorities of a nation. The system may prevail by a powerful subculture due to the ability to locate its staff at the high levels of the organisation. Therefore, a predominant subculture can maintain to create a cultural imperialism. The subject was discussed by cross-cultural researchers only from the perspective of the countrys dominance over the country and not from the perspective of cultures dominance over the other culture (McSweeney, 2002, 56). The issue of choosing appropriate levels of analysis is the most significant challenge facing Hofstede’s theory. McSweeney, (2002, 55) argues that any theory should be based on detailed description levels. Hofstede’s findings describe the features. They clarify some of the cultural and behavioural paradigms in organisation of different countries. Hofstede classified the five cultural dimensions as follows (Hofstede, 2001, 56): Power distance: Based on this dimension, countries are different in terms how they treat inequality. Some countries allow inequality to grow so that there is a difference in power and wealth. In such cultures, there is disagreement between subordinates and authority. Uncertainty avoidance: This is regarded with how society members deal with the future risk possibilities. The dimension describes attempts of society to attain a certain level where they feel they are in a conflicting situation. Cultures with high UAI consist of people who

Like Water for Chocolate Essay Example for Free

Like Water for Chocolate Essay Suggests that the soup has made her feel like a baby again given that while she is still in her mom’s belly she cries very hard when onions are chopped and it suggest the impact of food to Tita. After drinking the soup Tita has miraculously recovered from the loss of pigeons which she kept as pet and that triggered her sense of loosing Pedro and R erself to cook she fell in love with it and got a part time job as an assistant to a cooking teacher. Even though she has a lack of precision she was hired because she wasn’t afraid to fail and has a passion to cook unlike the others and getting hired made her feel confident, hence gaining control of life through cooking. The protagonist, Tita in Like Water for Chocolate gains control through cooking as well. Cooking is the only thing Tita love to do because Mama Elena bans her from doing a lot of things; the kitchen is the area where she can retreat from Mama Elena’s demands. When she cooked quail in rose petal sauce she controlled and triggered a lot of peoples emotion. Her sister Gertrudis was the first on affected by the dish, it aroused her sexual desire. She fled naked from her burning shower and when on a horse, galloping away with a soldier. Another incident where she gained control is the Chabela wedding cake she made for her lover Pedro and Rosaura. Even though she couldn’t stop the wedding, she made everyone cry. She made people cry for her tragic experience not only the guests cried, Mama Elena cried as well. She lost control of her life but through cooking she gain control of people’s emotions. In Like Water for Chocolate, food is not just a nutrition it acts as a very important nurturing role. The ox-tail soup Dr. John gave Tita has recalled the best moments of her life and brought back memories of her and Nacha making ox-tail soup together, chopping onions. It suggests that the soup has made her feel like a baby again given that while she is still in her mom’s belly she cries very hard when onions are chopped and it suggest the impact of food to Tita.

History of Computer Animation :: Computers Animation Essays

History of Computer Animation To look at him, you would not think that Phil Tippett is the creator of some of the most horrific and terrifying monsters ever witnessed by the human race. A quite normal-looking man of average height, with thinning grey hair, he has been at the forefront of movie animation for almost three decades. Phil Tippett is one of the greatest animators of all time, starting off with the age-old techniques of stop-motion and then moving on to the technical computer generated wizardry of today. I chose to write about him because I greatly admire the work he had done in the industry and he has witnessed first hand the technological advances that have occurred during the course of his career. I am also interested in him because as well as being involved in the field of cgi special effects (a career which I also wish to pursue), he was also closely involved in the ground-breaking (for the time) special effects and animation in the Star Wars Trilogy, which happens to be another love of mine. Born in 1951 in Illinois, Tippett has had a lifelong fascination with the art of animation. During his childhood he was fascinated by films such as King Kong and Jason and the Argonauts. He was fascinated by the surreal images in these movies and wanted to know how they were achieved. He went to his local library to research the subject and discovered the principles of stop motion. One of his favourite childhood hobbies was to make stop motion films with his father’s old movie camera. Tippett had been a lifelong devotee of stop motion as practiced by masters like Willis O’Brien in King Kong (1933) and Ray Harryhausen in The 7th Voyage of Sinbad (1958) and Jason and the Argonauts (1963). Stop motion was, and still is an intricate, painstaking art in which animators pose and photograph miniature figures frame by frame. He wasn’t alone. â€Å"Just about every top animator or effects man today has favorite Harryhausen figurines, such as the part-rhino, part-centaur Cyclops, the serpent woman, and the two-headed Roc bird from Sinbad; or, from Jason, the harpies that are a cross between gargoyles and pterodactyls, and the seven-headed Hydra and its spawn† (ILM). In traditional stop motion (still practiced by Henry Selick in marvels like The Nightmare Before Christmas and James and the Giant Peach), the camera records a series of subtly different poses rather than actual shifting, so the resulting flow of images is inherently surreal -- ultra-sharp and jerky.

Contemporary management functions Essay

Contemporary management functions reflect considerations of past management theories and aim to improve and strengthen employer-employee relationships as well as providing suitable working conditions for employees. Management functions are functions which managers perform to â€Å"effectively and efficiently coordinate the work of others. (Robbins, 2012). The functions consist of planning, organising, leading and controlling. The theories discussed in the article (1981) Hawthorne, the Myth of the Docile Worker, and Class Bias in Psychology, American Psychologist, 36(8) pp. 867-878. By Bramel, D, an article written about the Hawthorne Research conducted between 1924-1933, which looked to identify the relation between various working conditions and productivity and output, highlight the need for contemporary management functions. The article addresses how integral a continuous strong and communicative relationship is between the employer and employees of a business and the necessity of a strong and ethical organizational culture. Poor executions of the leading management function can reduce trust between employers and employees and create job dissatisfaction. In regards to the rapid decrease in output in period 12, Bramel writes that Roethlisberger and Dickson (1939) stated that the â€Å"workers were afraid that should their previous performance be maintained or improved in this period, rest pauses might never again be reinstated. † (Bramel, D. 1981). This is an example of a lack of communication between employer and employee, resulting in resistance from employees. Communication is a vital part of the organising management function; communication is the transfer of understanding and meaning (Robbins, 2012). In the case study, understanding was clearly not transferred between managers and employees as despite employees being reassured this was only temporary prior to the exercise, the workers still believed that management was â€Å"really interested in how to squeeze the most out of them, rather than in making their working conditions better for them. †(Bramel, D. 1981). The lack of understanding and meaning communicated between each party led to the reduced trust ultimately resulting in lowered total output. This is well summarised by Bramel â€Å"If the workers had in fact ad the kind of trust in management’s good intentions that Mayo claims, would they have found it necessary to resist the experimenters so actively in this period? The picture we get, instead, is of a group of rather wary workers engaged in a continuing skirmish with management and determined not to be taken advantage of. Rather than become a part of the company â€Å"team,† they became a team of their own, rather coolly looking out for their own economic interests in an adversary relationship with management. â€Å" (Bramel, D. 981). Bramel highlights the trust lacking in an â€Å"adversary relationship† with the worker’s management, who work as a team outside of the organisation’s best interests. (Bramel, D. 1981). The leading management function recognises that managers must be able to explain, predict and influence employee’s behaviour for success. Managers must be able to explain why employees engage in some behaviour, predict how employees will respond to various actions of the manager, and to influence how employees behave (Robbins, 2012). Job satisfaction is an employee attitude, which refers to an employee’s general attitude towards their job; employees with high levels of job satisfaction have positive attitudes towards their jobs. People’s behaviours, attitudes and actions are closely related. In the case of the Hawthorne Study, managers were unsuccessful in predicting how employees would respond to their actions and did not positively influence employee’s behaviour through their actions. Dissatisfied employees can result in workplace misbehaviour (Robbins, 2012). s witness in the case study where employees intentionally slowed down production to spite the managers. Poor job satisfaction as a result of indisposed working conditions and a poor leading management function contributed to the fall in productivity. Weak management of employees reduces motivation and employee contentment. During period 12 of the experiment, productivity dropped significantly as a result to the removal of resting periods for the workers. Bramel writes that evidence revealed four of the five workers actually slowed down, and it was apparent that it was intentional. The workers were quite consciously adopting a strategy in-tended to induce the experimenters to return quickly to the preferred conditions† (Bramel, D. 1981). The evidence is clear that there was a direct correlation between the decrease in output and fall in motivation for the workers and the removal of rest pauses, as the output increased significantly for all five workers with the return of the rest pauses (Bramel, D. 1981). Motivation is a key part of the leading management function. It is the process by which a person’s efforts are energised, directed and sustained towards attaining a goal. (Robbins, 2012). The manager must be supportive, they must, have mutual confidence and trust, help to maintain a good income, understanding of work problems and help in doing the job, genuine interest in personal problems. (Mullins, 2005). Managers must look to continually motivate and increase performance of employees through different processes such as; rewards for performance, recognition and appraisal, showing care and concern, and using attainable goals. (Robbins, 2012). A strong organisational culture can harness and set the foundation for the four key management functions; planning, organising, leading and controlling. A strong organisational culture provides shared values that ensure that everyone in the organisation is on the same track (Robbins, 1996). Organisational culture offers a shared system of meaning, which forms the basis of communication and mutual understanding (Funrham and Gunter, 1993). Strong organisational cultures are strong in the leading management function, as employees are motivated through values they share with their colleagues. Organisational culture complements rational managerial tools by playing an indirect role in influencing behaviour (Martins and Terblanche, 2003). Hence it being important for a strong culture to plan, organise, lead and control processes with the agreement, cooperation and enthusiasm of employees, in order to avoid resistance and hostility. It can be seen through the study of several articles that contemporary management functions are integral for successful management. Via the study of the Hawthorne Study, the theories proposed have illuminated how imperative the proper conduction of the management functions are for firms. A strong organisation culture provides the framework for managers to conduct the management functions by creating and sharing the values, which the functions will encompass through the firm. Contemporary management functions must be organising and leading via successful communication, understanding and motivation to be successful.

Bilingual special education

According to Figueroa, January 1999 combination of bilingual education with special education offers an interesting example on what should not happen in educational evolution and reform. In United States there is inconsistent interface between bilingual and special education offering basis for unique form of significant dialogue between United States, Latin America and Mexico on children education that didn’t not thrive in general education programs and who later wind up in special education or remedial classrooms.The main arguments of this article are on psychological and medical underpinnings on current bilingual special education modus in Western Hemisphere that has survived its usefulness. Educational paradigms are the main focus to guide behavior of special educators in achieving learning needs of students with disabilities.Figueroa argues that, this is the time for diminution of the functions of regulations, with significance given on diagnostic and predictive evaluation , stressing on ritualized and detailed system for establishing Individualized Educational Programs with belief on power of drills, contingent reinforcement, skills and enough conditions for actuating high-order mental processes (Figueroa, 324).Figueroa, January 1999 argued that, for the underachievers a different vision and a new skepticism is required for current beliefs and practices in bilingual and special education. For bilingual and special education, educators should increase use of presentations which is recommended as â€Å"do more† principle. Increased use of tests and state-based regulatory edifices should be used. Bilingual and special education offer more interesting strategy on educational reformation.Despite the importance and strength of bilingual special education in United States, it lacks crucial components. There is no theoretical grounding that would serve in explaining and guiding bilingual special education with clear acknowledgment on the thirty year o ld literature and that questions the diagnostic, regulatory, pedagogical and structural foundations of bilingual special education (Figueroa, 326).The article, Critical pedagogy in a Bilingual Special Education Classroom by Goldstein, 1995 explains application of critical pedagogical principles in first and second grade of bilingual special class for Latino children with limited proficiency in English. Teachers of bilingual special education face difficult challenges especially in evaluating learning disabilities. Those ESL students with disabilities are deprived intervention because teachers are reluctant in categorizing them with learning disability.Teachers really struggle with question of examining ESL students and they have to understand the link between ESL students and evaluation for special education. According to Goldstein, 1995 teacher’s assessment on ESL students is wrong. Many students are miscategorized having learning disabilities because of their failure to res pond to instructions they get from teachers (Goldstein, 463). The problem is that skill-based instructions don’t work in most cases and they even result in establishment of learned learning disability.Goldstein argued that, bicultural and bilingual students have signs of learning disabilities not because they have cognitive abnormalities but because of difficulties to adjust to the dominant school culture. Teachers use innovative approach in educating bilingual students which is known as critical pedagogy based on theoretical work. This focuses more on the style of whole-language in teaching literacy. Teachers tailor their lessons on personal lives of students more so on social and economic difficulties they have experienced.She concludes that many students in ESL have no learning disabilities and they negatively respond to instructions they get from their teachers in classroom based on the dominant school culture. The strength of this article is that bilingual students can n ot be evaluated in same way as those native English speaking students. The best way of evaluated ESL students with learning disabilities is by use of wide array of evaluation approaches like standardized testing on phonological awareness with close observation on students in multiple contexts.The weakness part of it is that, this article doesn’t give full information on what should be done to the student thus more research should be done to find most cost-effective and accurate ways of evaluating ESL students. This problem is facing many schools and will continue to grow within United States in those non English Speaking populations (Goldstein, 467). The article, school-based bilingual special education teacher assistance teams by Harris, 1995 discusses establishment of school-based bilingual special education teams mainly on Hispanic school situation located in urban southwest city.Intervention and preferred screening involves identification of problems which students experi ence regularly in classroom, they identify the source of the problem either from teachers, students, environment or curriculum and finds ways of dealing with the problem in regular classroom. This eliminates unsuitable and unnecessary referrals to bilingual special education. Implementation of pre-referral intervention process in which teachers are helped in remediation of the problems should be avoided and help teacher remediate problems experienced by children in classroom.This achieved through team of teachers, other colleagues and school support personnel. Teacher Assistance Teams should be used in selecting peers to facilitate pre-referral problem solving. This team discusses problems facing students and think of any possible solution they develop plan of action which is implemented by referring teachers (Harris, 418). This team decides whether students should be referred to bilingual special education or not.To minimize cases of students being referred to bilingual special edu cation, this pre-referral procedure helps teachers in designing and implementing educational interventions which is effective in the least restrictive environment and regular classroom. For the teachers to ensure that special programs by not using special education as a dumping ground for students with limited-English-proficient it is an imperative that LEP students be thoroughly tested. In each possible formal and informal evaluation process should be applied in determining functioning level of students who are handicapped.There should be more research on development of language and acquisition of second language should be considered with research on cognitive development, neurolinguistic, psychological functioning and bilinguistic (Harris, 424). The article bilingual special education teachers shifting paradigms: complex responses to educational reform by Ruiz and Robert argues on nature and procedure of change among the five main bilingual special education teachers which are att empted in order to transform already existing instructional practices.Change process is affected by three factors namely; more special education training of teachers in teachers’ background with their strong reductionism orientation, change which involves shift in instructional practices and shift in beliefs and they don’t obvious go hand in hand and at the start of stages of collaboration change is most facilitated including practicing members of teachers’ occupational community as agents of change (Ruiz and Robert, 624).Paradigm of shift is a radical change in education system to cater for all students even those with learning disabilities. This helps in transforming people with severe disabilities academically. Programs and service systems which are more responsive to education of people with disabilities are used. Training methodologies and materials for those people with disabilities are used. Joining bilingual special education of those students with disab ilities offer an interesting example on what should not be done in terms of educational evolution and reforms.This article argues mostly on the psychological and medical reinforcement of bilingual special education with teachers shift paradigm to cater for students with learning disabilities. Education paradigm shift is used by teachers to meet needs of these students (Ruiz and Robert, 631). Works Cited Figueroa, Richard, â€Å"Special Education for Latino Students in the United States,† Bilingual Review, Vol. 24, No. 1, 324-327, January, 1999Goldstein, Barbara, â€Å"Critical pedagogy in a Bilingual Special Education Classroom,† Journal of Learning Disabilities, Vol. 28, No. 8, pp. 463-475, October, 1995 Harris, Kathleen, â€Å"School-Based Bilingual Special Education Teacher Assistance Teams,† Remedial & Special Education, Vol. 16, No. 6, pp. 419-425, November, 1995 Ruiz, Nadeen T. , and Robert Rueda, â€Å"Bilingual Special Education Teachers Shifting Paradi gms: Complex Responses To Educational Reform,† Journal of Learning Disabilities, Vol. 28, No. 10, 622-635, December, 1995

Better quality foods Essays

Better quality foods Essays Better quality foods Essay Better quality foods Essay Abstraction: Nanotechnology is one hereafter scientific discipline which is considered fruitful to about every industry. It has lead to new merchandise find with cheaper cost and has been more efficient, hence consumers get better value for their money. In the last few old ages Nanotechnology has been used in nutrient industries to bring forth better quality nutrients and in the recent old ages it has taken a large spring which is more complex and advanced to make Smart nutrients, Alteration of DNA in the seeds to bring forth better harvest, Food munition, Smart packing etc to take nutrient industry to a better place than earlier. Apart from its advantages, it has besides been reviewed by assorted critics that usage of Nanotechnology in nutrient materials is non safe for the consumers, but some consider it to be the following coevals nutrient safety tool. To understand what impact and effects would Nanotechnology hold in Food industry, the cardinal facet would be briefing of Nanotechnology and Nanoscience, appraisal of Potential deductions in utilizing Nanotechnology in nutrient and looking at the assorted statute laws linked to it. My work is to analyse this state of affairs and compare some of the diaries and research documents holding positive or negative points against usage of Nanotechnology in nutrient industry. I would besides affect few instance surveies which will assist explicate the scenario better giving a more precise reappraisal on this argument. Chapter 2 Literature reappraisal Introduction to Food safety: Food and H2O are the basicss of a human being. Every portion of the universe has its ain characterized nutrient with distinguishable gustatory sensations. But there is merely one major concern in common which people from all over the Earth have in common, Safety. Food safety has now been considered the foremost and really of import portion in all of the nutrient industries around the Earth. Many different and assortment of techniques have been developed upon to assist nutrient safety go to a higher degree, while many of them turned out to be failures. Scientists now have discovered a particular, dependable, existent clip, and most significantly more economic technique to look into the safety of the nutrients in production. This is by agencies of engineering called Nanotechnology. Every life being is a corporate affair of nanoscale objects in signifier of atoms and molecules. Nanoparticles are those which have a size of one ten percent of human hair i.e. atoms runing within 1 to 100 n anometers. Nanotechnology is classified into two in footings of the size of the atoms, Fine particles which has a size scope of 100 2500 nanometer and Ultrafine atoms which is from 1 100 nanometer. It is rather absorbing how the size, Numberss, location, concentration and few other factors of the nanoscale atoms control the whole system. Most protein and polysaccharide have nanoscale sizes but these are of course happening nanoparticles ( National Nanotechnology Initiative, 2006 ) . It is scientifically shown that if a larger atom is broken down unnaturally into nanoscale size, the natural belongingss of the atom is lost and the atom behaves as a toxic component. Hence when nanotechnology is used in any application particularly when affecting it in the nutrient system or nutrient concatenation ; it is to be taken into consideration that the hazard affecting is far-reaching and terrible. Normally nutrient safety is considered to be the most hard and expensive portion for the Food Industries as the machineries and the equipment needed for them is really expensive with moderate dependability and high cost of care. Hence most of the little graduated table nutrient industries tend to extinguish the nutrient safety instruments and normally have merely ocular review of the nutrients which is non reliable. And for the inexpensive pricing from these industries, people ( Consumers ) buy the nutrients and devour them and have high hazard of acquiring diseased. But now as engineering has improved, there is a new manner to hold the safety of nutrients in control and that is non with expensive machineries but merely with simple techniques with Nanotechnology. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ( FAO ) and the World Health Organization ( WHO ) have recognized a demand for scientific advice on any nutrient safety deductions that arise from the use of Nanote chnology techniques in the nutrient and agribusiness sectors through its skyline scanning activities. All nutrient Industries operate in a complex proficient and commercial environment and to be successful each nutrient concern should posses the cognition and accomplishment to look into them at the lead or at least be in the competition. And one of the best ways to acquire the repute is to acquire good ranked among the clients. And to make that the merchandise they deliver should be of high quality and which is all about the nutrient safety. Food safety has become one of the most of import sections in a nutrient industry and even consumers buy nutrients which are safer, instead than the gustatory sensation. Hence a big importance in the Industry should be directed towards the safety for the nutrient. In olden times the nutrient was tested for their safety by a method called End merchandise testing, which involves a sampling of the merchandise and so proving it. But it was non to the full fulfilling as safety was dependent on the trying entirely. In 1960s The Pillsbury Company along w ith the National Aeronautical and Space Administration ( NASA ) and the USA Army laboratories formed a construct called the HACCP. HACCP stands for Hazard Analysis and Critical Control point System. It was based on failure, manner and consequence analysis, which looks on the procedure and place the things could perchance travel incorrect and put consequence to rectify it. As a consequence there would be safe manner of bring forthing nutrients. This was in fact developed for the Astronauts to guarantee safe nutrients and minimise the hazard of nutrient poisoning eruption in infinite. Hazards, as called in nutrient industries are explained as agent which has a inclination to do inauspicious wellness effects to the consumer. They are of three types which are Physical, Chemical and Biological. Physical jeopardy is when the nutrient contains unwanted physical presence of agents like spots of knife, nails, piece of paper etc at any phase of the nutrient procedure rhythm from natural stuffs to the packaging. A good illustration for this would be the presence of a nut which has fallen off in the nutrient merchandise from the machinery which it processes and non good maintained. These may even do serious harm to the consumer. The ground for this could be hapless care of the machineries and instruments used or staffs non trained decently on safety steps. The Chemical jeopardy is explained as an unwanted alteration in the nutrient merchandises chemically. Here for illustration pasteurisation of milk is to extinguish the hazards of the micro organisms nowadays in the natura l milk, if the milk is non pasteurized so there is a chemical jeopardy. These are normally caused by improper accommodation of the temperature, Ph etc. Biological jeopardy is the hazard of doing wellness effects to the consumer through the infective micro being nowadays in nutrients and are considered to be one of the chief dangers. Infective micro-organisms exert their consequence straight through turning in or polluting nutrient merchandises and being ingested ( Food borne infection ) or doing nutrient toxic condition. In both instances the unwellness possibly serious, even fatal. Good illustration for this is the Bacillus Cereus which forms heat immune spores that can merely be eliminated by terrible heat intervention. Food Intoxication is caused by the exposure of nutrient materials to the micro-organisms or toxins produced by them. Cases of poisoning could be either Bacterial poisoning or Non Bacterial poisoning. The former occurs when micro beings like bacteria or their ain toxin gets absorbed with the nutrient which on devouring causes nutrient Intoxication. The ulterior type is caused by harmful chemicals like fertilisers, insect powders etc. A few other types of Bacterial poisonings are Salmonella nutrient poisoning, Botulism, Staphylococcal nutrient poisoning, Clostridium nutrient poisoning and Bacillus Cereuss. Salmonella nutrient poisoning This is caused by signifiers of Salmonella bacteria viz. Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella cholera suits, and Gartner s B. These are normally found in milk, milk merchandises and eggs. The symptoms of this poisoning are Diarrhoea, illness, etc. Botulism This is one of the rare but serious instances of poisoning caused by Botulinum toxin which is produced by bacteria Clostridium botulinus. The symptom starts from palsy taking to respiratory failure. Antitoxins have proven really successful in handling the status. This type of poisoning is non contagious and does non distribute through individual to individual contact ( NHS, 2008 ) . Staphylococcal nutrient Poisoning This is caused by the consumption of nutrient merchandise incorporating Staphylococcal Enterotoxin. The symptoms are violent onset with terrible sickness, spasms, purging and collapse. It is accompanied by lower blood force per unit area and diarrhea. Cases of decease are rare but hospitalization is needed ( Manitoba heath, Nov 2001 ) . Legislations affecting Food safety: In the Europe, the European Union ( EU ) makes statute laws and many of which are compulsory for the member provinces and hence incorporated into each single states national statute law. As a big administration it helps in taking barriers to merchandise between member provinces and into which single member provinces merely have a minimum influence and the consequence being a related non biased one size tantrums all system ( Wikipedia ) . The EU nutrient scheme has three chief classs which are statute law on the safety of the nutrient and animate being provender ; sound scientific advice on which to establish determinations ; and enforcement and control. The statute law is covers a big country from carnal provender boulder clay widening to nutrient hygiene. This is applied all across Europe in high criterions. The general regulations for all nutrient and provender are given with particular step where client satisfaction is justified as in usage in addendums, nutrient addendums, colo rings, pesticides or endocrines. The regulation is besides applied to stuffs that get in contact with nutrient like plastic wadding. The standard EU labelling will guarantee if the merchandise has an allergic ingredient and to cognize the footings like high fibers or low fat and what they mean ( European communities, 2009 ) . In United Kingdom the nutrient criterion bureau is the organic structure responsible for the safety policy and statute law. They enforce these statute laws with the aid of Food governments which are the local governments, imports, port wellness governments. The control of nutrient is governed by condemnable jurisprudence with the chief primary statute law in signifier of Food safety act of 1990. There is a group of subsidiaries which implement European Union ordinances, Contaminants bound, restricting usage of additives, labelling demand, and other nutrient quality related and genuineness. The nutrient governments inspect the premiss supplemented by trying of nutrient and they analyse it by public analysts and nutrient testers. Introduction to Nanotechnology Nanotechnology is defined as the survey and usage of constructions between 1 nanometre and 100 nanometres in size Devicess with minimal characteristic sizes less than 100 nanometres ( nanometer ) are considered to be merchandises of nanotechnology ( National Nanotechnology Initiative, 2006 ) . A nanometre is one billionth of a metre ( 10-9 m ) and is the unit of length that is by and large most appropriate for depicting the size of individual molecules ( University Malaysia Perlis, 2005 ) . The Nano-scale Markss the cloudy boundary between the classical and quantum mechanical universes ; therefore, realisation of nanotechnology promises to convey radical capablenesss. Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of affair at dimensions of approximately 1 to 100 nanometres, where alone phenomena enable novel applications. Embracing Nano-scale scientific discipline, technology and engineering, nanotechnology involves imaging ; measurement, patterning and pull stringsing affair at this length graduated table ( National Nanotechnology Initiative, 2006 ) . Nanotechnology is non one engineering, but many. The UK Royal society and Royal academy of Engineering entitled its 2004 study Nano-science and Nanotechnologies: Opportunities and uncertainnesss to stress the scope of engineerings in drama. It defines Nano-science as the The survey of phenomena and use of stuffs at atomic, molecular and macromolecular graduated tables, where belongingss differ significantly from those at a larger graduated table ( The Royal Society and the Royal Academy of Engineering, 2004 ) . Most of the states are presently researching Nanotechnology on assorted Fieldss like Pharmaceutical Industries, Petroleum Industries, Electronic Industries, and Automobile Industry etc. In 2001, Japan spent US $ 400m researching on this country and US $ 960m in 2004. In USA, $ 750m was funded for Nanotechnology in 2003 and from 2005-2008 about $ 3.7bn was spent. In Europe, support for the Research an d development is around ˆ1bn. between the old ages 2003-2009, In UK the DTI enterprise on Nanotechnology offered A ; lb ; 45m to back up applications used in commercial countries ( Antje grobe et Al, 2008 ) . Nanomaterials have different types of classification to be applied in nutrient industry. It can be classified as: Nanoparticles Nanofibres Nanoemulsions, and Nanoclays. Nanoparticles can be divided into two on the footing on their behavior as Organic and Inorganic. Nano-particles are used in encapsulation systems as they have the ability to transport ingredients. Some of the illustrations are micelles, liposomes, for bringing of nutrient ingredient, biosensor and disinfectants. Inorganic nano-particles Some of these inorganic nanoparticles have been approved to be used in the nutrient industry. Such as Titanium dioxide, which is a nutrient colorant is used as UV protection barrier in nutrient packaging. This happens when Ti dioxide is used in nano signifier ; it besides loses its ability as a nutrient colorant as it becomes crystalline as a Nanoparticle. The usage of nanoparticles of Ag is the most normally used application as an antimicrobic agent which is used in electric refrigerator panels, storage boxes, surfaces which come in contact with nutrient stuffs in nutrient industry therefore increasing safety of the nutrient ( Food safety authorization of Ireland, 2008 ) . Organic nano-particles These are referred to as nanocapsules sometimes as it is used as vehicle for alimentary compounds or Pharmaceutical molecules. These aid present the foods without impacting the gustatory sensation or visual aspect. These encapsulate the atoms which are needed to be delivered and they pass through the GI piece of land and so into the blood stream. This enables to increase their bioavailability ( Food safety authorization of Ireland, 2008 ) . Nano-emulsions These are emulsions which have no difference to normal emulsion except for their stable thermo dynamical belongings. Due to their little size they can be diluted in H2O without altering the droplet size distribution. Some of their applications are bringing of active compounds in the organic structure, stabilisation of biological active ingredients, extension of shelf life due to increase in stableness and increased viscousness at lower concentrations of oil stage ( Food safety authorization of Ireland, 2008 ) . Nanometrology Without dependable methods of measuring, it is impossible to find human or carnal exposure via nutrient or provender. Of specific importance therefore in relation to the nutrient and provender sector and to any possible regulative model is the finding of the physiochemical belongingss of nanoparticles and their measuring in nutrient. Such belongingss include: Atom size Particle distribution Surface country Surface charge and topography Composition and pureness Hydrophobicity and solubility Chemical responsiveness and bioactivity Dispersion/aggregation province. Particularly of import among these belongingss are particle size and distribution, surface country and collection province. Normally, nanoparticle samples contain a scope of atoms, both larger and smaller than the mean or average value, which is frequently the figure really quoted as the atom size. As the atom size lessenings, more molecules are present at the surface giving rise to a larger surface to volume ratio or larger surface country for chemical interaction ( Food Safety Authority of Ireland, 2008 ) . Word picture of Nanoparticles in Biological Matrixs In sing the word picture of nanoparticles in a biological environment, both the consequence of this environment on the nanoparticles and conversely, the consequence of the nanoparticles on the environment must be explored. Engineered nanoparticles, with their really big surface countries, adsorb bio molecules to their surface instantly upon contact with natural substances to organize a bio molecule aureole ( Lynch, 2006 ; Lynch, 2007 ) . These bio molecules include proteins, lipoids and sugars, and it is these adsorbed bio molecules that confer the biological individuality of the nanoparticles, and find how they interact with life systems. Many of the biophysical and biological techniques available to find protein conformation and activity can be applied to the word picture of the nanoparticle bio molecule composite ( Lynch, 2006 ) . A list of techniques presently being used many of which could be applied to/by the Agri-food sector. The surface assimilation of bio molecules to the s urface of engineered nanoparticles can impact their stableness and scattering, and it is of import to besides characterize the scattering belongingss of nanoparticles in the relevant biological environment, e.g. in nutrient. Many of the techniques listed in Appendix II can be applied to the word picture of the scattering stableness of the nanoparticle bio molecule composite ( Food Safety Authority of Ireland, 2008 ) . An extra facet of the surface assimilation of bio molecules to the surface of nanoparticles is the consequence on the conformation of proteins such as enzymes, and besides on their map, stableness, activity and collection province, among other belongingss. There are a figure of illustrations of enhanced enzyme stableness and map following surface assimilation to nanoparticles, for illustration, the life-time of the enzymes Trypsin and Peroxidase was shown to increase dramatically, from a few hours to hebdomads, by attaching them to magnetic Fe nanoparticles ( Sharma, 2007 ) . This ability to heighten protein stableness by interfacing them with nanomaterials may impact legion biological procedures such as digestion, metamorphosis and alimentary consumption. Measurements of enzymatic activity in the presence of nanoparticles should be studied as a precedence ( Food Safety Authority of Ireland, 2008 ) . Measurement of Nanoparticles in Food and other Biological Matrixs The predating paragraphs have shown that a broad scope of physical and chemical techniques are available to characterize nanoparticles, both in the as-synthesised signifier and as nanoparticle bio molecule composites such as would happen in nutrient matrices and upon consumption. While these techniques may be applied to transport out measurings of nanoparticles in the pure signifier, the measuring and quantitation of nanoparticles in nutrient, biological tissues and other biological matrices nowadayss considerable challenges, since suited equipment and measuring schemes are non yet available ( SCENHIR, 2006, 2007 ) . Many nutrient merchandises besides contain considerable sums of of course happening nanoparticles, such as proteins, silicon oxide or hints of Ti dioxide, which makes sensing of added nanoparticles hard, as it regulations out techniques such as elemental function where there are already important background degrees. Techniques such as elemental function can merely be app lied to nanoparticles such as gold and Ag, which are non of course present in nutrients or nutrient packaging stuffs. Measurement of atom mass of nanoparticles in the pristine signifier ( as synthesised ) , is comparatively straightforward, while measuring of the surface country of a given mass of nanoparticles is more hard, as many of the current techniques do non separate to the full between porousness and surface country, e.g. nitrogen surface assimilation. An extra complication is, as already discussed, the really ready collection of nanoparticles that occurs in biological media, ensuing in larger atoms, or even a gradual addition with size as a map of clip. Such collection makes it about impossible to mensurate either atom figure or surface country in biological matrices. These proficient troubles in the measuring of nanoparticles make it correspondingly hard to mensurate the existent exposure in in vitro and in vivo toxicological surveies or in open worlds for hazard appraisal intents ( Food Safety Authority of Ireland, 2008 ) . Problems Associated with Measurement and Characterisation of Nanoparticles The word picture of nanoparticles requires considerable attention and there are many troubles and uncertainnesss, in peculiar with regard to particle collection, size, pureness, and batch fluctuations. The word picture is farther complicated by the incorporation of nanoparticles into biological matrices. This alters their belongingss and requires farther word picture beyond that of the pristine nanoparticle. The surface assimilation of bio molecules to nanoparticle surfaces may hold peculiar effects for nanoparticles in nutrient. For illustration, absorbed enzymes may hold enhanced or reduced activity, ensuing in altered efficiency of digestion and altered nutritionary value of nutrients. It is peculiarly of import to separate between nanoparticles and nanoparticulate sums. Nanoparticles that have been dried during the synthesis procedure are typically irreversibly aggregated, and as such have dimensions on the micrometer graduated table. If the nanoparticles remain in suspension, up on contact with biological fluids, their surface belongingss may be altered by surface assimilation of proteins and other bio molecules, ensuing in altered stableness and collection. Nanoparticles need to be characterised under the conditions in which they will be utilised. While many methods exist to characterize as-synthesised nanoparticles, such as negatron microscopy and dispersing methods, new methodological analysiss are required desperately to characterize nanoparticles in situ in nutrient matrices and nutrient contact stuffs. At present, it is non possible to separate between background degrees of nanoparticles and intentionally added nanoparticles such as silicon oxide dioxide and Ti dioxide. Nevertheless, the nanometrology country is quickly developing, with a conjunct attempt to develop criterions and standard processs for the word picture of nanoparticles and nanoparticle-based systems ( Food Safety Authority of Ireland, 2008 ) . Chapter 3 Nanotechnology from farm to fork The term nanofood describes nutrient which has been cultivated, produced, processed or packaged utilizing nanotechnology techniques or tools, or to which manufactured nanomaterials have been added ( Joseph and Morrison, 2006 ) . So far we have been discoursing about Food safety its importance, Nanotechnology, its aid to nutrient industry and besides came across few instance surveies along with its working. To assist give a clear cut thought about the pros and cons in application of Nanotechnology in nutrients, it is necessary to travel through the farm to fork and this is the portion where we introduce nanotechnology into the nutrient concatenation. The four key countries in nutrient and agricultural industry where Nanotechnology is used on nutrients are: Alteration of seeds, custom-making fertilisers and provenders. Alteration of nutrients. Smart nutrient . Smart boxing . Alteration of seeds, custom-making fertilisers and provenders Nanotechnology combined with familial technology helped agriculture move to a whole new gait which is called as Atomic technology. Atomic technology allows changing or rearranging the Deoxyribonucleic acid of seeds and bring forthing different works belongingss like growing season, coloring material, plague resistant, etc. This widely helps the agricultural workers to bring forth better harvest without worrying about the season or any physical factors that influences growing of the works. The atomic technology besides helps in bring forthing extremely powerful fertilisers and provenders which will slake the thirst of different farms which are of course lacking in minerals which promotes works growing. Alteration of nutrients Certain companies are working on to make bastioned processed nutrients with nano-encapsulation for foods bringing. Taste developers by nano-developed colorss, adjusting of fat and sugar degrees and besides improved mouth feel . This system is besides believed to assist nutritionary claims to a certain degree. For illustration the inclusion of medically good nano-capsules will shortly enable cocoa bit cookies to be marketed as wellness promoting or arteria cleaning. Nanotechnology will besides enable debris nutrients to cut down the sum of sugar or fat content. This could either be done by replacing the fats and sugars with other substance or forestall the organic structure absorbing them ( Georgia Miller, 2008 ) . Smart nutrient Nanotechnology is now used in planing smart nutrients by some extremely graded companies like Kraft and Nestle. These techniques will enable the consumer to personalise their nutrient by altering its coloring material, spirit or foods on demand. Kraft is developing a clear tasteless drink that contains 100s of spirits with the aid of nano encapsulation. A domestic microwave can trip release of the coloring material, spirit, concentration and texture of the person s pick. Smart nutrients can besides feel any nutrient ingredients which could be allergic to the person and so it blocks them. These nutrients besides contain an extra dosage of foods which identifies any particular dietetic demands for the person. For illustration, Ca molecules for people who suffer from osteoporosis ( Georgia Miller, 2008 ) . Smart packing is another find utilizing nanotechnology that will increase nutrient shelf life. Mars Inc. has obtained a patent on unseeable comestible nano negligee which will envelop the nutrient thereby forestalling gas and wet exchange. New developments are being researched in this country like detectors that could place nutrient spoilage and nano anti bugs that could widen shelf life. Besides this system can be used in tracking down nutrients materials by puting nano detectors which are unseeable to human oculus within them and this would besides move as electronic saloon codification so the nutrient could be tracked from the farm to mill to supermarket and beyond. Nanotechnology in Food packaging There are many types of packaging used with the aid of Nanotechnology. A thin movie called Durethan is produced by Chemical elephantine aspirin incorporating Nanoparticles of clay. This thin movie is tough, light and heat resistant. This movie can move as a roadblock for the O and C dioxide to the fresh meat or other nutrient merchandises ( ETC group study, 2004 ) . Another interesting research is done by research workers from Netherland and it is an intelligent packaging in which the bundle releases preservatives when a nutrient within is about to botch ( ETC group study, 2004 ) . Bio-nanocomposites are intercrossed nano-structured stuffs with improved mechanical, thermic and gas barrier belongingss. The usage of bio-nanocomposites for nutrient packaging non merely protects the nutrient and increases its shelf life but besides be considered a more environmentally plastics as packaging stuffs. Most of the traditional packaging stuffs are made from non-degradable stuffs, which increas e environment pollution in add-on to devouring fossil fuels for their production. However, current alternate biodegradable movies exhibit hapless barrier and mechanical belongingss and these belongingss need to be improved well before they could replace traditional plastics and therefore assist to pull off the universe s waste job. Biodegradability of a packaging stuff can be enhanced with the debut of inorganic atoms, such as clay, into the biopolymeric matrix and can besides be controlled with wetting agents that are used for the alteration of superimposed silicate. The used of inorganic atoms besides makes it possible to present multiple functionalities, which might assist to better the bringing of delicate micronutrients within comestible capsules ( Sozer et al. , 2009 ) . Another attack to better the belongingss of biodegradable movies is the usage of intercrossed organic-inorganic systems and, in peculiar, those incorporating superimposed silicates. Hybrid complexs, such as superimposed silicates embedded in a polymeric matrix, better stableness and their biodegradability can be all right tuned by changing the sum of dissolvers used, which might further spread out the possible utilizations of comestible and biodegradable movies ( Sozer et al. , 2009 ) . Zein, a prolamin and the major constituent of maize protein, has been an of import in scientific discipline and industry owing to its alone belongingss and molecular construction. By fade outing zein, either in ethyl alcohol or in propanone, biodegradable zein movies with good tensile and H2O barrier belongingss can be obtained. Nanotechnology attacks are expected in to give new applications for zein in forte nutrients and in the biodegradable plastics industry. Zein can organize a net consisting of c annular constructions, which can be microbiologically immune and inert, for illustration, after intervention with methanal. However, zein nanobeads or nanoparticles can be used as comestible bearers for flavour compounds or for encapsulation of nutraceuticals, every bit good as to better the strength of plastic and bioactive nutrient bundles. Controling the uniformity and organisation of zein movies at the nanolevel are important in footings of mechanical and tensile belongingss. In an effort to command the surface morphology of zein movies, Shi et Al. tested different dissolvers and found that movies generated in acetic acid were smoother and structurally more homogeneous than movies obtained from ethyl alcohol as a dissolver ( Sozer et al. , 2009 ) . One possibility to increase the barrier belongingss of zein polymer is intervention with stable silicate composites like montmorillonite, hectorite and saponite. These thrombocyte like structured silicate composites disperse in polymer matrixes and are hence able to better their strength, stiffness and H2O and gas permeableness even at low degrees of 1-5 vol % . Silicates consist of crystalline beds with 1nm in thickness and a diameter scope of 30-2000 nanometers. The silicate beds in nanocomposites are able to command the diffusion rate through their agonizing tract. They can aggregate within the matrix in three different signifiers, as phase-separated, intercalated or exfoliated nanocomposites. Exfoliated nanocomposites have the greatest ability to better the tensile strength of the movie in which they are incorporated. Nanoscale fillers normally consist of nanofibers, nano-whiskers or nanotubes but can besides be made out of solid-layered silicate constructi

My Favorite Stephen Sondheim Musicals

My Favorite Stephen Sondheim Musicals Born March 22nd, 1930, Stephen Sondheim seemed destined to become one of America’s most beloved figures in American theater. When he was only ten years old, he moved with his mother to the Pennsylvanian countryside. There, he became neighbors and friends with the family of Oscar Hammerstein II. In his teens, Sondheim began writing musicals. When he showed Hammerstein his work, the famed lyricist explained that it was awful – but he also told him why it was awful. An amazing mentorship began. Hammerstein provided him one-on-one instruction and advice and gave Sondheim difficult yet creative challenges which honed the young artist’s songwriting skills. In 1956, Sondheim was chosen to write the lyrics for Leonard Bernstein’s West Side Story. Soon after, he created the lyrics for the amazingly successful Gypsy. By the early 1960s, Stephen Sondheim was ready for his compositions to premiere on Broadway. Today, he is beloved among sophisticated audiences and performers alike. Here is a list of my favorite musicals by Stephen Sondheim: #1) Into the Woods I had the pleasure of watching the original Broadway production when I was 16 years old. At the time, I absolutely loved the first act, which plays like a wonderfully crafted and complex fairy tale comedy, ideal for the entire family. During the second half, however, I was quite disturbed by all the chaos and death. The story became too much like real life. And, of course, that’s the point of the show, a transition from fantasy to reality, or from adolescence to adulthood. Gradually, after listening to the soundtrack, and growing a bit older myself, I have come to love and appreciate both acts of this fun and fascinating musical. #2) Sweeney Todd It’s difficult to find a more violent musical than Sweeney Todd. And it’s difficult to find a more haunting melody than Sondheim’s â€Å"Johanna Reprise,† a hypnotic song that mixes beauty, longing, and murder. This is the story of a demented barber who seeks revenge, but goes way too far, driven mad in his lust for bloodshed. (It’s one thing to reap vengeance; it’s another thing to stuff people into meat pies.) Despite the carnage and cannibalism, there is a dark, infectious humor throughout Sweeney Todd, elevating this dreary story to genius. #3) A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum If you’re looking for a show that has a simple, laugh-out-loud happy ending, then Stephen Sondheim’s first success as composer/lyricist is the musical for you. During the show’s test run in Washington, D.C., Forum received negative reviews and apathetic reactions from the audience. Fortunately, director and self-proclaimed â€Å"play doctor† George Abbott suggested that they scrap the opening song, â€Å"Love Is in the Air.† Sondheim agreed and created the bouncy, hilarious number, â€Å"Comedy Tonight.† The new opening number energized Broadway audiences, eliciting laughter (and long lines at the box office). #4) Sunday in the Park with George Filled with beautiful songs and exquisite sets, Sondheim’s Sunday in the Park with George was inspired by the artwork of Georges Seurat, in particular his painting â€Å"A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte.† I love stories that examine the lives of artistic geniuses – even if their history is fictionalized a great deal, as is the case with Sunday in the Park with George. The first act focuses on Seurat’s passions: his art and his mistress. The second act transitions to the 1980s, showing the struggles of a modern artist, George (the fictional grandson of Seaurat). Whenever I’m working on a creative project that takes a lot of concentration, I inevitably start to sing â€Å"Putting It Together,† one of my favorite Sondheim tunes, and an insightful commentary on the artistic process. #5) Company For me, this is the most â€Å"Sondheimish† of Stephen Sondheim’s musicals. The lyrics are funny, complicated, and emotional. Each song is like a cathartic experience for the characters. The basic premise: It’s Robert’s 35th birthday. He is still unmarried, and tonight all of his married friends will be throwing him a party. In the process, Robert analyzes his life and the relationships of his friends. It ran for 705 performances on Broadway, and earned six Tony Awards. So, why do I have it as my 5th favorite Sondheim musical? Perhaps it’s simply a personal thing. When I was a kid, listening to show-tunes such West Side Story and Sound of Music, I was vaguely familiar with Company. I liked the songs, but I could not connect with the characters. I assumed that when I became an adult that things would change, that I would eventually like to drink coffee, discuss real estate, and behave like the characters in Company. None of those things happened. Despite my own short comings, I still enjoy the songs and the non-linear storytelling style of Company. What’s Missing? Of course, there are many other great Sondheim works that didn’t make my personal list. Musicals such as Follies and Assassins never struck a chord with me. Tony Award winning Passion almost made my list, but because I’ve watched the video and not a live production, perhaps I wasn’t as entranced by the show as others have been. And what about Merrily We Roll Along? Although it flopped on Broadway, some would argue that it features Sondheim’s most heartfelt songs.

Ethnocentric and Eurocentric Translations Research Paper

Ethnocentric and Eurocentric Translations - Research Paper Example The cultural identities have the tendency to strongly influence the behaviors, acts, and attitudes of the people in each and every facet of their lives. The cultural competencies take the shape of very complex phenomenon when a translator came across this issue. The translator can best perform its responsibilities when he is well aware of the complexities that exist between different cultures and he knows how to justifiably deal with the cultural issues while translating the material from one language to another. (Lefevere and Andrà ©, 1992) A good translator is supposed to be well aware of the importance and role of the differences between different cultures (Brislin and Richard, 1976). However, there is also a possibility that the translator acts as an ambassador of a particular culture and neglects the depth of the other cultural contribution by translating it into less effective words, phrases or language. Earlier the translator was not exposed to the concept of cultural differences and he was not supposed to follow the importance of cultural differences while doing the translations. The early definitions of translation also focus upon replacing a word with equivalent text regardless of its cultural expression (Catford, 1965). However, gradually there was awareness about the importance of keeping in view the cultural difference while translating material from one language to other. (Hatim et al, 2006) The awareness about studying the cultural differences during the translations was felt during the time of ancient Rome.